Die etwa 150.000 Frauen, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg im Women's Army Corps Dienst taten, waren die ersten regulären Soldatinnen der US-Armee. Um männliche Soldaten für den Kampf freizusetzen, arbeiteten sie auch in traditionellen Männerbereichen, etwa als Mechanikerinnen oder Pilotinnen in den USA, Afrika, Europa und Südostasien. Die Autorin geht den Erfahrungen dieser Frauen nach, den militärischen und zivilen Diskursen über Soldatinnen im Militär und dem Umgang der Armee mit soldatischer Weiblichkeit und weiblicher Sexualität. Anhand von Regierungsdokumenten, Kriegsgerichtsprozessen, aber auch…mehr
Die etwa 150.000 Frauen, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg im Women's Army Corps Dienst taten, waren die ersten regulären Soldatinnen der US-Armee. Um männliche Soldaten für den Kampf freizusetzen, arbeiteten sie auch in traditionellen Männerbereichen, etwa als Mechanikerinnen oder Pilotinnen in den USA, Afrika, Europa und Südostasien. Die Autorin geht den Erfahrungen dieser Frauen nach, den militärischen und zivilen Diskursen über Soldatinnen im Militär und dem Umgang der Armee mit soldatischer Weiblichkeit und weiblicher Sexualität. Anhand von Regierungsdokumenten, Kriegsgerichtsprozessen, aber auch Selbstzeugnissen, Gedichten und Songs zeigt M. Michaela Hampf, wie umkämpft die Konstruktion der Soldatin im Amerika der vierziger Jahre war und bis heute ist.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
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Autorenporträt
M. Michaela Hampf ist Juniorprofessorin für die Geschichte Nordamerikas am John-F.-Kennedy-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin.
Inhaltsangabe
1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Military Institutions and Gender 6 The Gendered Division of Labor in Military Institutions 6 - Armed Civic Virtue 10 - Citizenship, Arms & Gender 11 - Beautiful Souls and Martial Citizens 15 - Women s Roles in Modern Wars 20 - Total War and the Mobilization of Women 27 1.2. Theoretical Concepts. 34 Power and Agency 34 - Power Knowledge 36 - Strategic Apparatus 38 Gender 39 1.3 Methodological Approaches 44 1.4 Literature 47 Historical Perspectives on the Military 48 - Studies on Gender and the Military 54 - Research on the WAAC and the WAC 60 1.5 Structure . 62 2. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF THE WAAC/WAC . 64 2.1 The WAAC and WAC Bills in Congress. 64 2.2 Training. 70 Basic Military Training 71 - Specialist Training 72 2.3 Policies and Regulations. 73 2.4 Women Soldiers at Work. 78 2.5 Overseas Service 81 2.6 Demobilization and Integration 85 2.7 Combat: Drawing the Line 91 3. CONSTRUCTING THE WOMEN SOLDIER THROUGH RECRUITING CAMPAIGNS, MEDIA COVERAGE AND PUBLIC RELATIONS 98 3.1 Petticoat Army or Doughgirl Generalissimo 101 3.2 Release a Man to Fight . 104 Competition by Other Government Agencies 106 - Quality or Quantity: The Enlistment Standards 108 - The toughest sales problem in the country 109 3.3 Self-Sacrifice v. Self-Interest : WAAC Recruiting. 113 The Motifs of Motherhood, the Family, and Home 114 - I joined to serve my country.and I m having the time of my life! 118 3.4 The Slander Campaign . 120 3.5 Guilt v. Glamour : WAC Recruiting . 134 The All-States-Campaign 138 - The Attitude of Army Men 141 - Fighting men and capable Wacs 146 - Comforting Our Wounded Heroes 147 3.6 Public Relations . 152 3.7 Petticoat Soldiers : Ego-documents from the Field 161 Camp Newspapers 161 Songs 166 4. DRESS CODES: THE WAAC UNIFORM 174 4.1 Military Uniforms 174 4.2 Symbolic Aspects: Planning and Design of the Uniform. 177 The Pre-Planning Process 177 - A neat and military appearance 180 - Prêt-a-porter the Army Way 183 4.3. Material Aspects . 184 Clothing for Women s work Put to the Practical Test 184 - Procurement and Supply 185 - The Overseas Experience 189 4.4 Publicity Crisis . 191 4.5 Technologies of the Self 194 5. SUBJECTED TO THE COLORED RACE . 199 5.1 African American Wacs: Fighting on Two Fronts 199 African Americans and the War Effort: Some Socio-Economic Aspects 199 - The Mobilization of African American Men 201 - Political Pressure for the Integration of African American Women 203 - Recruiting of African American Women 204 - Segregation in the WAC 207 - African American Wacs Overseas 215 - Assignment and Mal-Assignment 217 - Protest: Sit-Down Strike or Disobedience? 219 5.2 Japanese American Wacs . 223 5.3 Puerto Rican Wacs 232 5.4 First Class Citizenship ? 233 6. SEXUALITY. 237 6.1 Normalizing Practices 237 The Regulation of Respectability: Double Standards for Men and Women 246 - Social Control: VD Policies for Wacs, Civilian Women and Servicemen 247 - Respectability and the Legitimacy of the Corps: The Code of Conduct and WAC Regulations 250 - Regulating the Unrespectable: Pregnancy, Abortion, Maternity and Marriage 251 - Patrolling Respectable Femininity: Anti- Fraternization Policies 252 6.2 Homosexuality in the Armed Forces . 257 The True Pervert, the Criminal Sodomist and the Intoxicated or Curious 257 6.3 Exclusionary Practices 262 WAC Regulations and Procedures: In Search of undesirable traits and habits 262 - The hierarchy of perversity : Class, Race, Practice, Haircut 266 - Homosociality and Lesbian Agency: The Fort Oglethorpe Investigation 269 7. CONCLUSION: THE WAC BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATION AND DISCURSIVE EXCLUSION 280 Acknowledgements . 300 Abbreviations . 302 Sources and Literature 304 A Note on Sources 304 - Archival Sources 308 - Published Sources 309 - Secondary Works 321
1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Military Institutions and Gender 6 The Gendered Division of Labor in Military Institutions 6 - Armed Civic Virtue 10 - Citizenship, Arms & Gender 11 - Beautiful Souls and Martial Citizens 15 - Women s Roles in Modern Wars 20 - Total War and the Mobilization of Women 27 1.2. Theoretical Concepts. 34 Power and Agency 34 - Power Knowledge 36 - Strategic Apparatus 38 Gender 39 1.3 Methodological Approaches 44 1.4 Literature 47 Historical Perspectives on the Military 48 - Studies on Gender and the Military 54 - Research on the WAAC and the WAC 60 1.5 Structure . 62 2. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY OF THE WAAC/WAC . 64 2.1 The WAAC and WAC Bills in Congress. 64 2.2 Training. 70 Basic Military Training 71 - Specialist Training 72 2.3 Policies and Regulations. 73 2.4 Women Soldiers at Work. 78 2.5 Overseas Service 81 2.6 Demobilization and Integration 85 2.7 Combat: Drawing the Line 91 3. CONSTRUCTING THE WOMEN SOLDIER THROUGH RECRUITING CAMPAIGNS, MEDIA COVERAGE AND PUBLIC RELATIONS 98 3.1 Petticoat Army or Doughgirl Generalissimo 101 3.2 Release a Man to Fight . 104 Competition by Other Government Agencies 106 - Quality or Quantity: The Enlistment Standards 108 - The toughest sales problem in the country 109 3.3 Self-Sacrifice v. Self-Interest : WAAC Recruiting. 113 The Motifs of Motherhood, the Family, and Home 114 - I joined to serve my country.and I m having the time of my life! 118 3.4 The Slander Campaign . 120 3.5 Guilt v. Glamour : WAC Recruiting . 134 The All-States-Campaign 138 - The Attitude of Army Men 141 - Fighting men and capable Wacs 146 - Comforting Our Wounded Heroes 147 3.6 Public Relations . 152 3.7 Petticoat Soldiers : Ego-documents from the Field 161 Camp Newspapers 161 Songs 166 4. DRESS CODES: THE WAAC UNIFORM 174 4.1 Military Uniforms 174 4.2 Symbolic Aspects: Planning and Design of the Uniform. 177 The Pre-Planning Process 177 - A neat and military appearance 180 - Prêt-a-porter the Army Way 183 4.3. Material Aspects . 184 Clothing for Women s work Put to the Practical Test 184 - Procurement and Supply 185 - The Overseas Experience 189 4.4 Publicity Crisis . 191 4.5 Technologies of the Self 194 5. SUBJECTED TO THE COLORED RACE . 199 5.1 African American Wacs: Fighting on Two Fronts 199 African Americans and the War Effort: Some Socio-Economic Aspects 199 - The Mobilization of African American Men 201 - Political Pressure for the Integration of African American Women 203 - Recruiting of African American Women 204 - Segregation in the WAC 207 - African American Wacs Overseas 215 - Assignment and Mal-Assignment 217 - Protest: Sit-Down Strike or Disobedience? 219 5.2 Japanese American Wacs . 223 5.3 Puerto Rican Wacs 232 5.4 First Class Citizenship ? 233 6. SEXUALITY. 237 6.1 Normalizing Practices 237 The Regulation of Respectability: Double Standards for Men and Women 246 - Social Control: VD Policies for Wacs, Civilian Women and Servicemen 247 - Respectability and the Legitimacy of the Corps: The Code of Conduct and WAC Regulations 250 - Regulating the Unrespectable: Pregnancy, Abortion, Maternity and Marriage 251 - Patrolling Respectable Femininity: Anti- Fraternization Policies 252 6.2 Homosexuality in the Armed Forces . 257 The True Pervert, the Criminal Sodomist and the Intoxicated or Curious 257 6.3 Exclusionary Practices 262 WAC Regulations and Procedures: In Search of undesirable traits and habits 262 - The hierarchy of perversity : Class, Race, Practice, Haircut 266 - Homosociality and Lesbian Agency: The Fort Oglethorpe Investigation 269 7. CONCLUSION: THE WAC BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATION AND DISCURSIVE EXCLUSION 280 Acknowledgements . 300 Abbreviations . 302 Sources and Literature 304 A Note on Sources 304 - Archival Sources 308 - Published Sources 309 - Secondary Works 321
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