This work discusses questions on political participation, representation and legitimacy in the European Union national parliaments. Three major empirical questions structure the book: What affects women's presence in parliaments?, Does the number of women in parliament have an effect? And are women in parliament representing women? Empirical evidences show that institutional reforms need a 'minimal environment' in terms of socio-economic development so as to prove effective. As opposed to the critical mass theory, claiming that a few representatives cannot have an impact on the political…mehr
This work discusses questions on political participation, representation and legitimacy in the European Union national parliaments. Three major empirical questions structure the book: What affects women's presence in parliaments?, Does the number of women in parliament have an effect? And are women in parliament representing women? Empirical evidences show that institutional reforms need a 'minimal environment' in terms of socio-economic development so as to prove effective. As opposed to the critical mass theory, claiming that a few representatives cannot have an impact on the political outcomes, here the empirical evidences suggest that smaller groups can also influence the different components of the legislative process. The last part turns to the fundamental question of whether a parliament that is descriptively representative, i.e. in which the parliamentarians share certain characteristics with the voters, also is a substantively descriptive parliament, i.e. in which the parliamentarians mirror the voters' opinions.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
contents List of figures and tables Abbreviations GENERAL INTRODUCTION Outline of the book Comparative strategies A comment on the data and methods PART I: WHAT AFFECTS THE PRESENCE OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT? Introduction: Mechanisms for obtaining proportional representation in parliaments Descriptive and/or substantive representation? How should the problem of under representation of women be solved? Classifying the spectrum of institutional reforms Chapter one: The temporal dimension of women's political participation A short look at the history of women's movements Women's rights on the agenda Self evident political disparities: an analysis over time Chapter two: Macro conditions affecting the presence of women in parliaments The analysis building blocks: variables and concepts Structural conditions and women's political empowerment What comes first: the chicken or the egg? Chapter three: Enhancing the representation of women as a matter of specific institutional reforms The Belgian law on quotas concerning the sex composition of candi date lists New legislation in Belgium and other EU member states PART II: DOES THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT HAVE AN EFFECT? Introduction: From rights to utility; arguments for women's presence in parliaments Equality as a question of rights Equality as a question of utility A critical mass? Empirical research on utility arguments The strategy of analysis Chapter four: Differences between female and male MPs: specialisa tion, policy areas and role orientations Is there a gender structure in areas of specialisation? Do women and men stand for different issues? Who and what do women and men represent? Conclusion Chapter five: The perceived impact of a more gender balanced parliament Do more gender balanced parliaments change institutions? Do more gender balanced parliaments change gender equality policy? Do more gender balanced parliaments change the democratic system? Conclusion Chapter six: Insight into the gender gap: a critical mass effect? The gender gap Data, method and the attitudes under examination Classification of the gender gap Is a critical mass needed for women legislators to have an impact? Acculturation and spillover effects Conclusion PART III: ARE WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT REPRESENTING WOMEN? Representative governments and accountability Part III's four hypotheses Chapter seven: Is there a gender representation? Issue congruence among voters and representatives in EU Member States Issue congruence between national parliaments and their electorates Issue congruence between parties and voters Conclusion Chapter eight: Is there a gender representation? Issue congruence among voters and representatives in Sweden 1968 98 Issue congruence between the Riksdag and the electorate Issue congruence between parties and voters Conclusion CONCLUSION What affects the presence of women in parliament? Does the number of women in parliament have an effect? Are women in parliament representing women? References and bibliography Index
contents List of figures and tables Abbreviations GENERAL INTRODUCTION Outline of the book Comparative strategies A comment on the data and methods PART I: WHAT AFFECTS THE PRESENCE OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT? Introduction: Mechanisms for obtaining proportional representation in parliaments Descriptive and/or substantive representation? How should the problem of under representation of women be solved? Classifying the spectrum of institutional reforms Chapter one: The temporal dimension of women's political participation A short look at the history of women's movements Women's rights on the agenda Self evident political disparities: an analysis over time Chapter two: Macro conditions affecting the presence of women in parliaments The analysis building blocks: variables and concepts Structural conditions and women's political empowerment What comes first: the chicken or the egg? Chapter three: Enhancing the representation of women as a matter of specific institutional reforms The Belgian law on quotas concerning the sex composition of candi date lists New legislation in Belgium and other EU member states PART II: DOES THE NUMBER OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT HAVE AN EFFECT? Introduction: From rights to utility; arguments for women's presence in parliaments Equality as a question of rights Equality as a question of utility A critical mass? Empirical research on utility arguments The strategy of analysis Chapter four: Differences between female and male MPs: specialisa tion, policy areas and role orientations Is there a gender structure in areas of specialisation? Do women and men stand for different issues? Who and what do women and men represent? Conclusion Chapter five: The perceived impact of a more gender balanced parliament Do more gender balanced parliaments change institutions? Do more gender balanced parliaments change gender equality policy? Do more gender balanced parliaments change the democratic system? Conclusion Chapter six: Insight into the gender gap: a critical mass effect? The gender gap Data, method and the attitudes under examination Classification of the gender gap Is a critical mass needed for women legislators to have an impact? Acculturation and spillover effects Conclusion PART III: ARE WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT REPRESENTING WOMEN? Representative governments and accountability Part III's four hypotheses Chapter seven: Is there a gender representation? Issue congruence among voters and representatives in EU Member States Issue congruence between national parliaments and their electorates Issue congruence between parties and voters Conclusion Chapter eight: Is there a gender representation? Issue congruence among voters and representatives in Sweden 1968 98 Issue congruence between the Riksdag and the electorate Issue congruence between parties and voters Conclusion CONCLUSION What affects the presence of women in parliament? Does the number of women in parliament have an effect? Are women in parliament representing women? References and bibliography Index
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