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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In mathematics, specifically in optimization, repulsive particle swarm optimization (RPSO) is a global optimization algorithm. It belongs to the class of stochastic evolutionary global optimizers, and is a variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO). There are several different realizations of RPSO. Common to all realizations is the repulsion between particles. This can prevent the swarm being trapped in local maxima, which would cause a premature convergence and would lead the optimization algorithm to fail to find the global optimum.