Prasanta Kumar Bhattacharya

Research Methodology in the Health Sciences: A Quick Reference Guide

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Concise, readable, and easy to navigate-a practical and thorough guide to conducting efficient and effective medical research Whether you're a student, scholar, faculty member, or practicing healthcare professional, Research Methodology in the Health Sciences helps you improve your research skills and critically appraise original research and apply it in evidence-based patient care. This peerless guide describes the principles of biostatistics and provides detailed examples to build readers' comprehension of the utility and applicability of bio-statistical tests, without going into the mathematical details of such tests. It covers principles of biomedical ethics in research and publication, review of the medical literature, how to write a dissertation, how to prepare and submit a research manuscript for publication in a journal, how to apply for a research grant to funding agencies, and much more. And all examples drawn exclusively from real healthcare scenarios to enhance the learning process.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: McGraw-Hill Education
• Seitenzahl: 192
• Erscheinungstermin: 9. März 2021
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 274mm x 216mm x 13mm
• Gewicht: 398g
• ISBN-13: 9781260463286
• ISBN-10: 1260463281
• Artikelnr.: 61287604

Autorenporträt

Prasanta K. Bhattacharya has been a clinician, researcher and teacher in internal medicine for over 30 years and is currently with the North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, a tertiary care teaching hospital that provides undergraduate and postgraduate medical training, along with affordable and quality clinical care. Besides medical teaching, he has been actively involved in several multicenter research projects, in mentoring PhD scholars and in the training of faculty and students of the university in research methodology.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface
Acknowledgment
PART ONE
CHAPTER 1. Introduction CHAPTER OBJECTIVES DEFINITION OF RESEARCH Examples
of Clinical Observations What Is Common among These Observations?
DEFINITION OF TERMS Research Methodology Research Methods CHALLENGES IN
RESEARCH IN THE HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH CANNOT BE DONE HAPHAZARDLY
Research Planning Different Types of Study Designs and Their Functions
Example of an Important Case Series Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Clinical Application of the Results WHY STATISTICS IN THE HEALTH SCIENCES?
Example of the Use of Statistics Statistical Issues in Medical Research
Practical Use of Statistical Concepts and Tests MEDICAL LITERATURE SEARCH
AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING Questions Arising from Common Clinical
Problems How and Where to Get the Answers PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK
CHAPTER 2. How to Plan a Research Study CHAPTER OBJECTIVES HOW TO START A
RESEARCH STUDY How to Develop the Research Question Generating a Hypothesis
Defining the Research Objectives The Study Example STUDY DESIGN STEPS
INVOLVED IN UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH STUDY Preinvestigational Steps Writing
the Protocol Investigational Steps Postinvestigational Steps ERRORS IN
REPORTING RESEARCH Example of a Reporting Error LEVELS OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
CHAPTER 3. Types of Studies in Clinical Research - Part I: Observational
Studies CHAPTER OBJECTIVES RESEARCH DESIGN AND STUDIES Types of Studies
STUDIES OF RISK ASSESSMENT: OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES What Are Observational
Descriptive Studies? Utilities of Descriptive Studies Advantages and
Limitations of Descriptive Studies Types of Descriptive Studies Types of
Observational Analytical Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Case-Control
Studies Cohort Studies Hybrid Study Designs
CHAPTER 4. Types of Studies in Clinical Research - Part II: Interventional
Studies CHAPTER OBJECTIVES DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES
Interventional Trials in Basic Science Interventional Trials in Community
Settings Interventional Trials in Clinical Settings JUSTIFICATION FOR
CLINICAL TRIALS RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS TERMINOLOGY USED IN A
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL Participant Investigator Intervention Outcome
Intervention and Control Groups HISTORY OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
STEPS IN A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL ADVANTAGES OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED
TRIALS SPECIAL ISSUES IN RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS Planning the
Intervention and Control Conditions Planning the Outcomes of the Study
Selection of the Study Groups Baseline Characteristics and Random
Allocation of Participants to Intervention and Control Groups Blinding
Implications of Eligibility Criteria in Sampling Efficacy and Effectiveness
Analytic Methods Used Ethical Issues TYPES OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
Randomized Controlled Trials Based on Participants' Exposure and Response
to the Intervention Randomized Controlled Trials Based on the Number of
Participants Randomized Controlled Trials Based on Different Aspects of
Interventions Evaluated BEYOND CLINICAL TRIALS: APPROACH TO SECONDARY
RESEARCH The Need for Review of Clinical Trials Types of Reviews
CHAPTER 5. APPROACH TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH SCIENCES CHAPTER
OBJECTIVES FOCUSING ON QUALITATIVE ASPECTS IN RESEARCH WHAT IS QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH When to Use Qualitative Approaches in Research METHODOLOGIC
APPROACH TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Appropriate Research Questions in
Qualitative Research Methodology in Qualitative Research Methods of Data
Collection in Qualitative Research Types of Qualitative Data Collection
Methods Qualitative Data Analysis COMPARING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS Can Qualitative Research Methods Complement Quantitative
Methods? Rigor in Qualitative Research Limitations of Qualitative Research
Methods
CHAPTER 6. ETHICS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH CHAPTER OBJECTIVES WHAT ARE ETHICS
AND MEDICAL ETHICS What Is Ethics? What Is Medical Ethics? ETHICAL
REQUIREMENTS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH Why Research Is Essential in Medical
Science Conflict of Interest between Doctor as Caregiver and as Researcher
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Treaties and Declarations to Safeguard Medical Ethics
PRINCIPLES GUIDING CONDUCT OF ETHICAL RESEARCH Independent Ethics Committee
Functioning of the Ethics Committees Ethics Committee Review Research on
Vulnerable Subjects and Other Special Groups Ethical Issues Specific to
Randomized Controlled Trials Limitations of Ethics Committees PUBLICATION
ETHICS
CHAPTER 7. LITERATURE REVIEW, TRACKING THE BEST EVIDENCE, AND LITERATURE
SEARCH CHAPTER OBJECTIVES WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW? WHY IS LITERATURE
REVIEW NECESSARY? PRIORITIES IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS HOW TO
ANALYZE THE LITERATURE Format and Level of the Literature Review
Association between the Research Question and the Literature Rev iew
EVIDENCE FROM CLINICAL RESEARCH Evidence from Reviews Different Types of
Reviews Clinical Guidelines and Their Utility in Evidence-Based Care
Synopsis of Clinical Guidelines HOW TO TRACK THE BEST EVIDENCE Challenges
in Evidence-Based Clinical Practice How to Get the Best Answers?
Difficulties in Getting the Right Information Literature Search for
Evidence-Based Patient Care HIERARCHY OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE Primary Research
Secondary Research Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) HOW TO SEARCH
THE EVIDENCE, AND ELECTRONIC DATA SEARCH Literature Search Techniques
Electronic Databases Compiling the Review Material
CHAPTER 8. HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER CHAPTER OBJECTIVES PREPARATION
OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER Evolution of the Manuscript-Writing Process DIFFERENT
TYPES OF ARTICLES AND THEIR STRUCTURES Original Research Articles and the
IMRAD Format The Structure of the Original Research Article Additional
Formats for Original Research Articles Variations of the IMRAD Structure
Structure for Reviews PREPARATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT Background Information
Selection of Target Journal Authorship Issues Ethical Concerns HOW TO START
WRITING THE MANUSCRIPT FINAL PRESENTATION OF THE ARTICLE Title, Key Words,
and Abstract
PART TWO
CHAPTER 9. INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS AND APPROACH TO DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS CHAPTER OBJECTIVES WHY STATISTICS IS NECESSARY FOR BIOMEDICAL
SCIENCES SOME BASIC ELEMENTS OF BIOSTATISTICS Variable and Data Types of
Data Data Measurement Scales PRESENTATION OF THE DATA Different Formats for
Data Presentation MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION Measures of
Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion
CHAPTER 10. APPROACH TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE-I CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEFINITION OF TERMS Population and Sample Statistical Inference Descriptive
Measure Parameter and Statistic Element Probability POPULATION AND SAMPLES
Population Sample TYPES OF SAMPLING Random Sampling Nonrandom Sampling Type
of Sampling Design to Be Selected for Any Research HYPOTHESIS TESTING Types
of Hypotheses Hypothesis Testing and the p Value Types of Error Statistical
Interpretations and Power The p Value in Practice Statistical Significance
versus Clinical Importance Limitations of Hypothesis Testing ESTIMATION
Rationale for Estimation in Research in the Health Sciences Types of
Estimates CONFIDENCE INTERVALS IN INTERPRETING STUDY RESULTS Confidence
Intervals BIAS AND CHANCE Bias Chance Comparing Bias and Chance VALIDITY
AND RELIABILITY Validity Reliability
CHAPTER 11. APPROACH TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE-II CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DEFINITION OF TERMS Measures of Frequency Association and Causation
Correlation and Regression INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE Advantage of Objective
over Subjective Reasoning Incidence Prevalence Comparing Prevalence with
Incidence ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION What Is an Association? Types of
Variables in an Association MEASURING ASSOCIATION MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION
Absolute Measures of Association Relative Measures of Association Practical
Application of Measures of Association CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
Correlation Regression Regression Analysis CONCEPT OF CAUSAL ASSOCIATION
Establishing Association between Variables Establishing the Causality of
Association Importance of Establishing Causality of Association Association
between Variables
CHAPTER 12. APPROACH TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE-III CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES What Are Diagnostic Tests? Relation between
Diagnostic Test Result and Disease DEFINITIONS OF COMMON TERMS Sensitivity
Specificity Positive Predictive Value Negative Predictive Value Likelihood
Ratios Prevalence SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY Sensitivity Specificity
Clinical Utility and Limitations of Sensitivity and Specificity PREDICTIVE
VALUES Positive Predictive Value Negative Predictive Value Predictive Value
and Prevalence of the Disease LIKELIHOOD RATIO ESTIMATING PROBABILITY OF
DISEASE Pretest and Posttest Probabilities Bayesian Probability TRADE-OFF
BETWEEN SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY How to Select the Optimal Cutoff Value
STATISTICAL TESTS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE Commonly
Used Statistical Tests in Clinical Research Analogy between Diagnostic
Tests and Clinical Research Application of Statistical Tests in Clinical
Research How to Select a Statistical Test SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION FOR
VARIOUS STUDIES Planning the Sample Size Importance of the Sample Size
Statistical Issues in Determining the Sample Size Sample-Size Determination
for Different Types of Studies
Index