This book has been formed from the contents of the journal Modern International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, which is published by the Scientific & Academic Publishing. SAPUB is an open access publisher. The authors visited the virtual address of the journal, downloaded the articles one by one, copied their contents, pasted on a Microsoft Word document, and edited for aesthetical reasons. This journal is an international, peer-reviewed vehicle. Its main qualities are expedite editorial processes, unlimited revisions, paid disclosure, hardcover volumes, and double submission system.