This publication presents the challenges and opportunities of government-sponsored resettlement program in Ethiopia in view of its role in food security attainment and sustainable rural development with special emphasis to Nonno District, Oromiya Region. It assesses the real causes of resettlement in the country, the livelihoods and food security status of the resettlers in their new sites, the practices of resettlement schemes and the measures to be taken to ease the possible humanitarian and environmental risks so as to avoid the vicious circle of resettlement.