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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Ruggero Oddi (July 20, 1864 - March 22, 1913) was an Italian physiologist and anatomist who was a native of Perugia. He studied medicine at Perugia, Bologna and Florence, and in 1894 was appointed head of the Physiology Institute at the University of Genoa. In 1900 he was relieved of his position at Genoa because of narcotics usage and fiscal improprieties. Later, he sought employment as a doctor with the Belgian colonial medical service, and spent some time working in the Belgian Congo. Oddi died on March 22, 1913 in Tunis, Tunisia. While still a student, Oddi described a small group of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers that wrapped around the end of the bile and pancreatic ducts. This structure was later to be known as the eponymous Sphincter of Oddi. Oddi was not the original discoverer of the sphincter, English physician Francis Glisson initially identified it two centuries earlier, however it was Oddi who was first able to characterize its physiological properties.