Educational policy in a democracy goes beyond teaching literacy and numeracy. It also supports teaching moral reasoning, political tolerance, respect for diversity, and citizenship. Education policy should encourage liberty and equality of opportunity, hold educational institutions accountable, and be efficient. School Choice Tradeoffs examines the tradeoffs among these goals when government affords parents the means to select the schools their children attend. Godwin and Kemerer compare current policy that uses family residence to assign students to schools with alternative policies that…mehr
Educational policy in a democracy goes beyond teaching literacy and numeracy. It also supports teaching moral reasoning, political tolerance, respect for diversity, and citizenship. Education policy should encourage liberty and equality of opportunity, hold educational institutions accountable, and be efficient. School Choice Tradeoffs examines the tradeoffs among these goals when government affords parents the means to select the schools their children attend. Godwin and Kemerer compare current policy that uses family residence to assign students to schools with alternative policies that range from expanding public choice options to school vouchers. They identify the benefits and costs of each policy approach through a review of past empirical literature, the presentation of new empirical work, and legal and philosophic analysis. The authors offer a balanced perspective that goes beyond rhetoric and ideology to offer policymakers and the public insight into the complex tradeoffs that are inherent in the design and implementation of school choice policies. While all policies create winners and losers, the key questions concern who these individuals are and how much they gain or lose. By placing school choice within a broader context, this book will stimulate reflective thought in all readers.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
1. Preface 2. 1. School Choice Options and Issues: An Overview 3. Why Change Current Policies? 4. Why Use School Choice to Promote Equity? 5. Types of School Choice 6. Major Issues in the Choice Debate * Educational Outcomes * Liberal Democratic Theory and Education Policy * Parental Rights and Equality of Opportunity * The Constitutionality of Vouchers and Tax Credits * The Economics of Choice * Accountability versus Autonomy 7. Designing a Voucher Program That Promotes Equity 8. 2. The Outcomes of School Choice Policies 9. Why Proponents Expect Choice to Increase Academic Outcomes * The Effects of Competition * Increased Parental Involvement and Better Matching of Students and Schools * Democratic Control and Bureaucratic Inefficiencies * The Particular Problems Facing Inner-City Schools 10. Why Opponents Expect Choice to Lower Academic Outcomes 11. Empirical Hypotheses Concerning the Impacts of Choice 12. School Choice and Segregation * How Do Parents Choose? * Policy Implications 13. Do Private Schools Teach Public Values? 14. The Effects of Choice on Teachers and Principals 15. The Effects of Choice on Parents 16. The Effects of Choice on Academic Outcomes 17. The Effects of Competition 18. Comparing Public and Private Schools * High School and Beyond * Results from Other National Databases 19. Evaluations of Existing Choice Programs * Privately Funded Voucher Experiments 20. The Effects of Choice on Children Who Remain Behind 21. Summary and Conclusions 22. 3. Political Theory and School Choice (coauthor: Richard Ruderman) 23. Liberal Democracy 24. Liberal Arguments That Education Is in the Private Sphere 25. Liberal Arguments for Including Education in the Public Sphere * John Dewey and Progressive Liberalism * Sharing Educational Responsibility: The Ideas of Amy Gutmann 26. Diversity or Autonomy * Comprehensive Liberalism versus Political Liberalism 27. School Choice and Communitarian Thought 28. Discussion 29. Conclusion 30. 4. Parent Rights, School Choice, and Equality of Opportunity (coauthor: Jennifer L. Kemerer) 31. Parent Rights in Education * How Fundamental Are Parent Rights? * Coupling Parent Rights with Free Exercise of Religion * Contemporary Developments 32. Racial and Economic Segregation in Traditional Public Schools * Racial Segregation * Economic Segregation * Continuing Inequalities in Public Schools 33. Racial and Economic Inequalities in Choice Schools * Choice Schools and Ethnic Sorting * Racial Balance Measures 34. Achieving Diversity without Unconstitutional Discrimination against Parents * The Case for Diversity * Proxies for Race 35. Summary 36. 5. Vouchers and Tax Benefits: Tradeoffs between Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State 37. A Tale of Two Judges * Judge Higginbotham and the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program * Judge Sadler and the Cleveland Scholarship Program * Differing Perspectives 38. Vouchers, Tax Benefits, and the Federal Constitution * Channeling Money to Sectarian Private Schools * Channeling Money to Parents and Students 39. The Significance of Federalism 40. Vouchers and State Constitutions 41. Restrictive States * Prohibition on Vouchers * No Direct or Indirect Aid to Sectarian Private Schools * What Is "Indirect Aid"? * Funding for Public Schools Only * Public Purpose Doctrine * Judicial Precedent 42. Permissive States * No Anti-Establishment Provision * Supportive Legal Climate 43. Uncertain States * Ambiguous Constitutional Terminology * Absence of Authoritative Case Law * Pending State Litigation 44. Implications for Voucher Program Design 45. Tax Benefits 46. Summary 47. 6. The Economics of Choice 48. Tiebout Sorting and the Median Voter Theorem 49. Funding Public Schools * Present Funding Patterns within States * Financing Public Choice Programs * Summary 50. Promoting Efficiency in the Production of Education 51. The Apparent Decline in the Efficiency of Public Schools 52. Possible Reasons for the Decline in Productive Efficiency * Changes in Student Population * Teachers' Unions * The Cost of Educating Students with Disabilities 53. Privatization and Vouchers * Arguments That Vouchers Will Increase the Cost of Education * Arguments That Vouchers Will Decrease Educational Costs by Increasing Efficiency 54. Regulation versus Incentives * Regulating Class Size Reductions (CSR) 55. Summary 56. Equity Considerations and Voucher Policies 57. The Impact of Vouchers on Public Schools 58. Conclusions 59. 7. School Choice Regulation: Accountability versus Autonomy 60. Are Markets Preferable to Democratic Control? * Classical Economic Theory * New Institutional Economics 61. Legal Constraints on Institutional Autonomy 62. State Constitutions, State Regulation, and State Action * Unconstitutional Delegation Law * State Action 63. State Statutes, Administrative Regulations, Charters, and Contracts 64. School Choice Accountability: Michigan's Public School Academies 65. Lessons from Privatization of Prisons, Public Housing, and Special Education * Privatization of Prisons * Privatization of Public Housing * Contracting-Out Special Education to Private Schools 66. Vouchers and Private School Regulation 67. Implications for Policymaking 68. 8. The Politics of Choice and a Proposed School Choice Policy 69. Political Forces That Oppose Expanding School Choice * Producers of Public Education and Their Organizations * Liberal and Minority Interest Groups 70. Political Forces Supporting Increased School Choice 71. Attributes of an Equitable and Efficient Policy Proposal 72. A Proposal to Expand School Choice * Accountability Provisions * Additional Measures to Assist Low-Income Students and New Scholarship Schools 73. Discussion of the Tradeoffs We Made * Vouchers for All Income Levels and a Quota for Low-Income Students * Allowing Schools to Charge Families Additional Tuition and Fees * Transportation * Student Admission * Home Schooling * Additional Benefits and Costs of the Proposed Policy * The Political Feasibility of the Proposed Policy * Charter Schools and Alternative Choice Proposals 74. Concluding Remarks 75. Notes 76. Selected References 77. Index
1. Preface 2. 1. School Choice Options and Issues: An Overview 3. Why Change Current Policies? 4. Why Use School Choice to Promote Equity? 5. Types of School Choice 6. Major Issues in the Choice Debate * Educational Outcomes * Liberal Democratic Theory and Education Policy * Parental Rights and Equality of Opportunity * The Constitutionality of Vouchers and Tax Credits * The Economics of Choice * Accountability versus Autonomy 7. Designing a Voucher Program That Promotes Equity 8. 2. The Outcomes of School Choice Policies 9. Why Proponents Expect Choice to Increase Academic Outcomes * The Effects of Competition * Increased Parental Involvement and Better Matching of Students and Schools * Democratic Control and Bureaucratic Inefficiencies * The Particular Problems Facing Inner-City Schools 10. Why Opponents Expect Choice to Lower Academic Outcomes 11. Empirical Hypotheses Concerning the Impacts of Choice 12. School Choice and Segregation * How Do Parents Choose? * Policy Implications 13. Do Private Schools Teach Public Values? 14. The Effects of Choice on Teachers and Principals 15. The Effects of Choice on Parents 16. The Effects of Choice on Academic Outcomes 17. The Effects of Competition 18. Comparing Public and Private Schools * High School and Beyond * Results from Other National Databases 19. Evaluations of Existing Choice Programs * Privately Funded Voucher Experiments 20. The Effects of Choice on Children Who Remain Behind 21. Summary and Conclusions 22. 3. Political Theory and School Choice (coauthor: Richard Ruderman) 23. Liberal Democracy 24. Liberal Arguments That Education Is in the Private Sphere 25. Liberal Arguments for Including Education in the Public Sphere * John Dewey and Progressive Liberalism * Sharing Educational Responsibility: The Ideas of Amy Gutmann 26. Diversity or Autonomy * Comprehensive Liberalism versus Political Liberalism 27. School Choice and Communitarian Thought 28. Discussion 29. Conclusion 30. 4. Parent Rights, School Choice, and Equality of Opportunity (coauthor: Jennifer L. Kemerer) 31. Parent Rights in Education * How Fundamental Are Parent Rights? * Coupling Parent Rights with Free Exercise of Religion * Contemporary Developments 32. Racial and Economic Segregation in Traditional Public Schools * Racial Segregation * Economic Segregation * Continuing Inequalities in Public Schools 33. Racial and Economic Inequalities in Choice Schools * Choice Schools and Ethnic Sorting * Racial Balance Measures 34. Achieving Diversity without Unconstitutional Discrimination against Parents * The Case for Diversity * Proxies for Race 35. Summary 36. 5. Vouchers and Tax Benefits: Tradeoffs between Religious Freedom and Separation of Church and State 37. A Tale of Two Judges * Judge Higginbotham and the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program * Judge Sadler and the Cleveland Scholarship Program * Differing Perspectives 38. Vouchers, Tax Benefits, and the Federal Constitution * Channeling Money to Sectarian Private Schools * Channeling Money to Parents and Students 39. The Significance of Federalism 40. Vouchers and State Constitutions 41. Restrictive States * Prohibition on Vouchers * No Direct or Indirect Aid to Sectarian Private Schools * What Is "Indirect Aid"? * Funding for Public Schools Only * Public Purpose Doctrine * Judicial Precedent 42. Permissive States * No Anti-Establishment Provision * Supportive Legal Climate 43. Uncertain States * Ambiguous Constitutional Terminology * Absence of Authoritative Case Law * Pending State Litigation 44. Implications for Voucher Program Design 45. Tax Benefits 46. Summary 47. 6. The Economics of Choice 48. Tiebout Sorting and the Median Voter Theorem 49. Funding Public Schools * Present Funding Patterns within States * Financing Public Choice Programs * Summary 50. Promoting Efficiency in the Production of Education 51. The Apparent Decline in the Efficiency of Public Schools 52. Possible Reasons for the Decline in Productive Efficiency * Changes in Student Population * Teachers' Unions * The Cost of Educating Students with Disabilities 53. Privatization and Vouchers * Arguments That Vouchers Will Increase the Cost of Education * Arguments That Vouchers Will Decrease Educational Costs by Increasing Efficiency 54. Regulation versus Incentives * Regulating Class Size Reductions (CSR) 55. Summary 56. Equity Considerations and Voucher Policies 57. The Impact of Vouchers on Public Schools 58. Conclusions 59. 7. School Choice Regulation: Accountability versus Autonomy 60. Are Markets Preferable to Democratic Control? * Classical Economic Theory * New Institutional Economics 61. Legal Constraints on Institutional Autonomy 62. State Constitutions, State Regulation, and State Action * Unconstitutional Delegation Law * State Action 63. State Statutes, Administrative Regulations, Charters, and Contracts 64. School Choice Accountability: Michigan's Public School Academies 65. Lessons from Privatization of Prisons, Public Housing, and Special Education * Privatization of Prisons * Privatization of Public Housing * Contracting-Out Special Education to Private Schools 66. Vouchers and Private School Regulation 67. Implications for Policymaking 68. 8. The Politics of Choice and a Proposed School Choice Policy 69. Political Forces That Oppose Expanding School Choice * Producers of Public Education and Their Organizations * Liberal and Minority Interest Groups 70. Political Forces Supporting Increased School Choice 71. Attributes of an Equitable and Efficient Policy Proposal 72. A Proposal to Expand School Choice * Accountability Provisions * Additional Measures to Assist Low-Income Students and New Scholarship Schools 73. Discussion of the Tradeoffs We Made * Vouchers for All Income Levels and a Quota for Low-Income Students * Allowing Schools to Charge Families Additional Tuition and Fees * Transportation * Student Admission * Home Schooling * Additional Benefits and Costs of the Proposed Policy * The Political Feasibility of the Proposed Policy * Charter Schools and Alternative Choice Proposals 74. Concluding Remarks 75. Notes 76. Selected References 77. Index
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