The ambitious global framework known as the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was established in 2015. It charts a course toward a sustainable future, aiming to eliminate poverty, hunger, injustice, and climate change, while improving access to healthcare and education, and fostering just, peaceful, and egalitarian societies. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their 169 targets form a critical part of this agenda. The development of the SDGs was an unparalleled collaborative effort, uniting national governments and millions worldwide in discussion and implementation of this ambitious agenda. These goals provide a comprehensive and scientifically rigorous framework that encompasses economic, social, and environmental aspects, requiring systematic strategic planning and scientific intervention for their successful integration into policies and activities. This book provides insights into the need for targeting SDGs and the role of science and technology in achieving select SDGs, particularly from the perspective of the Indian context.