This book discusses the ways in which science, the touchstone of reliable knowledge in modern society, changed dramatically in the second half of the 20th century, becoming less trustworthy through conflicts of interest and excessive competitiveness. Fraud became common enough that organized efforts to combat it now include a federal Office of Research Integrity. Competent minority opinions are sometimes thereby suppressed, with the result that policy makers, the media and the public are presented with biased or incomplete information. Evidence tending to challenge established theories is…mehr
This book discusses the ways in which science, the touchstone of reliable knowledge in modern society, changed dramatically in the second half of the 20th century, becoming less trustworthy through conflicts of interest and excessive competitiveness. Fraud became common enough that organized efforts to combat it now include a federal Office of Research Integrity. Competent minority opinions are sometimes thereby suppressed, with the result that policy makers, the media and the public are presented with biased or incomplete information. Evidence tending to challenge established theories is sometimes rejected without addressing its substance. While most would agree in the abstract that science can go wrong, few would consider--despite interesting contrary evidence--that official consensus about the origins of the universe or the causes of global warming might be mistaken.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Henry H. Bauer is professor emeritus of chemistry and science studies and dean emeritus of arts and sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech). The author of numerous books, including several that examine scientific heterodoxies, he lives in Blacksburg, Virginia.
Inhaltsangabe
Table of Contents List of Figures viii Preface Introduction and Synopsis 1. How Science Has Changed delete delete Precursors of Modern Science delete delete Three Eras of Modern Science delete delete Science Today Is No Less Fallible Than in the Past delete delete Science and Contemporary Society 2. Science Is Not Methodical delete delete The Scientific Method Explains Little About Today's Science delete delete Why Has Science Been Successful? 3. Some Other Misconceptions About Science delete delete Science and Evidence: A Love-Hate Relationship delete delete Replication and Reproducibility delete delete Falsifiability of Scientific Theories delete delete Scientific Literacy 4. Science Is Many Things delete delete Science Includes Which Subjects or Fields? delete delete Science as Truth and Authority delete delete Our Thinking Is Molded by Scientific Concepts delete delete Scientific Institutions delete delete Science Groupies and Hangers-on delete delete Mimicking the Natural Sciences-Inappropriately 5. Scientists Have Many Faces delete delete Scientists as Individuals delete delete The Cultures of Science delete delete Present-Day Careers in Science 6. How Science Really Gets Done delete delete From Frontier Science to Textbook Science delete delete Three Aspects of Scientific Activity delete delete Diversity of Science delete delete Peer Review delete delete Resistance to Progress delete delete Premature Discoveries delete delete Scientific Revolutions delete delete The Importance of Luck in Science delete delete How Science Gets Done Best 7. What Exactly Is "Scientific Knowledge"? delete delete Facts and Theories: Maps and Stories delete delete Over-Reliance on Science 8. Statistics delete delete Being Misled by Statistics delete delete Correlation Is Not Causation delete delete Interpreting Correlations delete delete Aggregation and Dis-Aggregation delete delete Statistical Significance and P Values delete delete Effect Size delete delete Margin of Error delete delete Sampling delete delete Differing Conceptual Approaches in Statistics delete delete Summary: What Everyone Should Know About Statistics 9. Unlike Physics and Chemistry? delete delete Social and Behavioral Sciences delete delete Medical Science delete delete A Little Learning Can Be a Dangerous Thing delete delete Fringe Science, Alternative Science, Pseudo-Science delete delete Minority Views Within Mainstream Science delete delete Knowledge to Guide Research-or Ready to Be Applied? delete delete Science and Technology 10. How Scientific Knowledge Becomes Known delete delete From Science to Public Knowledge delete delete Who Can Speak for Science? delete delete What the Public Gets to Know: Let the Buyer Beware delete delete What Policy Makers Get to Know delete delete What Scientists Know and Get to Know 11. Science Needs Tough Love delete delete Reprise: The Predominant Scientific Consensus Is Not Always Right delete delete Which of Today's Scientific Consensuses Might Be Wrong? delete delete Where to Turn for the Soundest Judgment delete delete delete on Technical Issues? delete delete The Failure to Engage 12. A Science Court? delete delete Caveats and Complications delete delete What a Science Court Could Accomplish delete delete Tough Love Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
Table of Contents List of Figures viii Preface Introduction and Synopsis 1. How Science Has Changed delete delete Precursors of Modern Science delete delete Three Eras of Modern Science delete delete Science Today Is No Less Fallible Than in the Past delete delete Science and Contemporary Society 2. Science Is Not Methodical delete delete The Scientific Method Explains Little About Today's Science delete delete Why Has Science Been Successful? 3. Some Other Misconceptions About Science delete delete Science and Evidence: A Love-Hate Relationship delete delete Replication and Reproducibility delete delete Falsifiability of Scientific Theories delete delete Scientific Literacy 4. Science Is Many Things delete delete Science Includes Which Subjects or Fields? delete delete Science as Truth and Authority delete delete Our Thinking Is Molded by Scientific Concepts delete delete Scientific Institutions delete delete Science Groupies and Hangers-on delete delete Mimicking the Natural Sciences-Inappropriately 5. Scientists Have Many Faces delete delete Scientists as Individuals delete delete The Cultures of Science delete delete Present-Day Careers in Science 6. How Science Really Gets Done delete delete From Frontier Science to Textbook Science delete delete Three Aspects of Scientific Activity delete delete Diversity of Science delete delete Peer Review delete delete Resistance to Progress delete delete Premature Discoveries delete delete Scientific Revolutions delete delete The Importance of Luck in Science delete delete How Science Gets Done Best 7. What Exactly Is "Scientific Knowledge"? delete delete Facts and Theories: Maps and Stories delete delete Over-Reliance on Science 8. Statistics delete delete Being Misled by Statistics delete delete Correlation Is Not Causation delete delete Interpreting Correlations delete delete Aggregation and Dis-Aggregation delete delete Statistical Significance and P Values delete delete Effect Size delete delete Margin of Error delete delete Sampling delete delete Differing Conceptual Approaches in Statistics delete delete Summary: What Everyone Should Know About Statistics 9. Unlike Physics and Chemistry? delete delete Social and Behavioral Sciences delete delete Medical Science delete delete A Little Learning Can Be a Dangerous Thing delete delete Fringe Science, Alternative Science, Pseudo-Science delete delete Minority Views Within Mainstream Science delete delete Knowledge to Guide Research-or Ready to Be Applied? delete delete Science and Technology 10. How Scientific Knowledge Becomes Known delete delete From Science to Public Knowledge delete delete Who Can Speak for Science? delete delete What the Public Gets to Know: Let the Buyer Beware delete delete What Policy Makers Get to Know delete delete What Scientists Know and Get to Know 11. Science Needs Tough Love delete delete Reprise: The Predominant Scientific Consensus Is Not Always Right delete delete Which of Today's Scientific Consensuses Might Be Wrong? delete delete Where to Turn for the Soundest Judgment delete delete delete on Technical Issues? delete delete The Failure to Engage 12. A Science Court? delete delete Caveats and Complications delete delete What a Science Court Could Accomplish delete delete Tough Love Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
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