Lectures at the Collège de France 1977--1978 Herausgeber: Senellart, Michel; Davidson, Arnold I; Fontana, Alessandro; Ewald, François / Übersetzer: Burchell, Graham
Lectures at the Collège de France 1977--1978 Herausgeber: Senellart, Michel; Davidson, Arnold I; Fontana, Alessandro; Ewald, François / Übersetzer: Burchell, Graham
Marking a major development in Michel Foucault's thinking, Security, Territory, Population takes as its starting point the notion of "biopower," studying the foundations of this new technology of power over populations. Distinct from punitive disciplinary systems, the mechanisms of power are here finely entwined with the technologies of security. In this volume, though, Foucault begins to turn his attention to the history of "governmentality," from the first centuries of the Christian era to the emergence of the modern nation state--shifting the center of gravity of the lectures from the…mehr
Marking a major development in Michel Foucault's thinking, Security, Territory, Population takes as its starting point the notion of "biopower," studying the foundations of this new technology of power over populations. Distinct from punitive disciplinary systems, the mechanisms of power are here finely entwined with the technologies of security. In this volume, though, Foucault begins to turn his attention to the history of "governmentality," from the first centuries of the Christian era to the emergence of the modern nation state--shifting the center of gravity of the lectures from the question of biopower to that of government. In light of Foucault's later work, these lectures illustrate a radical turning point at which the transition to the problematic of the "government of self and others" would begin.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Michel Foucault; Edited by Michel Senellart; Translated by Graham Burchell; General Editors: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana; English Series Editor: Arnold I. Davidson
Inhaltsangabe
Forward: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana Introduction: Arnold I. Davidson One: 11 January 1978 General perspective of the lectures: the study of bio-power. - Five proposals on the analysis of mechanisms of power. - Legal system, disciplinary mechanisms, and security apparatuses ( dipositifs ). Two examples: ( a ) the punishment of theft; ( b ) the treatment of leprosy, plague, and smallpox. - General features of security apparatuses ( 1 ): the spaces of security. - The example of the town. - Three examples of planning urban space in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: ( a ) Alexandre Le Maître's La Métrpolitée ( 1682 ): ( b ) Richelieu; ( c ) Nantes. Two: 18 January 1978 General features of apparatuses of security ( II ): relationship to the event: the art of governing and treatment of the uncertain ( l'aléatoire ). - The problem of scarcity ( la disette ) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. - From the mercantilists to the physiocrats. - Differences between apparatuses of security and disciplinary mechanisms in ways of dealing with the event. - The new governmental rationality and the emergence of "population." - Conclusion on liberalism: liberty as ideology and technique of government. Three: 25 January 1978 General features of apparatuses of security ( III ). - Normation ( normation ) and normalization. - The example of the epidemic ( smallpox ) and inoculation campaigns in the eighteenth century. - The emergence of new notions: case, risk, danger, and crisis. - The forms of normalization in discipline and in mechanisms of security. - Deployment of a new political technology: the government of populations. - The problem of population in the mercantilists and the physiocrats. - The population as operator ( operateur ) of transformations in domains of knowledge: from the analysis of wealth to political economy, from natural history to biology, from general grammar to historical philology. Four: 1 February 1978 The problem of "government in the sixteenth century. - Multiplicity of practices of government ( government of self, government of souls, government of children, etcetera ). - The specific problem of the government of the state. - The point of repulsion of the literature on government: Machiavelli's The Prince. - Brief history of the reception of The Prince until the nineteenth century. - The art of government distinct from the Prince's simple artfulness. - Example of this new art of government: Guillaume de la Perrière Le Miroir politique ( 1555 ). - A government that finds its end in the "things" to be directed. - Decline of law to the advantage of a variety of tactics. - The historical and institutional obstacles to the implementation of this art of government until the eighteenth century. - The problem of population an essential factor in unblocking the art of government. - The triangle formed by government, population, and political economy. - Questions of method: the project of a history of "governmentality." Overvaluation of the problem of the state. Five: 8 February 1978 Why study governmentality? - The problem of the state and population. - Reminder of the general project: triple displacement of the analysis in relation to ( a ) the institution, ( b ) the function, and ( c ) the object. - The stake of this year's lectures. - Elements for a history of "government." Its semantic field from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. - The idea of the government of men. Its sources : ( A ) The organization of a pastoral power in the pre-Christian and Christian East. ( B ) Spiritual direction ( direction de conscience ). - First outline of the pastorate. Its specific features: ( a ) it is exercised over a multiplicity on the move; ( b ) it is a fundamentally beneficent power with salvation of the flocks as its objective; ( c ) it is a power which individualizes. Omnes et singulatim. The paradox of the shepherd ( berger ). -The institutionalization of the pastorate by the Christian Church. Six: 15 February 1978 Analysis of the pastorate ( continuation ). - The problem of the shepherd-flock relationship in Greek literature and thought: Homer, the Pythagorean tradition. Rareness of the shepherd metaphor in classical political literature ( Isocrates, Demosthenes ). - A major exception: Plato's The Statesman. The use of the metaphor in other Plato texts ( Critias, Laws, The Republic ). The critique of the idea of a magistrate-shepherd in The Statesman. The pastoral metaphor applied to the doctor, farmer, gymnast, and teacher. - The history of the pastorate in the West, as a model of the government of men, in inseparable from Christianity. Its transformations and crises up to the eighteenth century. Need for a history of the pastorate. - Characteristics of the "government of souls": encompassing power coextensive with the organization of the Church and distinct from political power. - The problem of the relationships between political power and pastoral power in the West. Comparison with the Russian tradition. Seven: 22 February 1978 Analysis of the pastorate ( end ). - Specificity of the Christian pastorate in comparison with Eastern and Hebraic traditions. - An art of governing men. Its role in the history of governmentality. - Main features of the Christian pastorate from the third to the sixth century ( Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, Gregory the Great, Cassian, Saint Benedict ): ( 1 ) the relationship to salvation. An economy of merits and faults: ( a ) the principle of analytical responsibility; ( b ) the principle of exhaustive and instantaneous transfer; ( c ) the principle of sacrificial reversal; ( d ) the principle of alternate correspondence. ( 2 ) The relationship to the law: institution of a relationship of complete subordination of the sheep to the person who directs them. An individual and non-finalized relationship. Difference between Greek and Christian apatheia. ( 3 ) The relationship to the truth; the production of hidden truths. Pastoral teaching and spiritual direction. - Conclusion: an absolutely new form of power that marks the appearance of specific modes of individualization. Its decisive importance for the history of the subject. Eight: 1 March 1978 The notion of "conduct." - The crisis of the pastorate. - Revolts of conduct in the field of the pastorate. - The shift of forms of resistance to the borders of political institutions in the modern age: examples of the army, secret societies, and medicine. - Problem of vocabulary: "Revolts of conduct," "insubordination" ( insoumission )," "dissidence," and "counter-conduct." Pastoral counter-conducts. Historical reminder: ( a ) asceticism; ( b ) communities; ( c ) mysticism; ( d ) Scripture; ( e ) eschatological beliefs. - Conclusion: what is at stake in the reference to the notion of "pastoral power" for an analysis of the modes of exercise of power in general. Nine: 8 March 1978 From the pastoral of souls to the political government of men. - General context of this transformation: the crisis of the pastorate and the insurrections of conduct in the sixteenth century. The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation. Other factors. - Two notable phenomena; the intensification of the religious pastorate and the increasing question of conduct, on both private and public levels. - Governmental reason specific to the exercise of sovereignty. - Comparison with Saint Thomas. - Break-up of the cosmological-theological continuum. - The question of the art of governing. - Comment on the problem of intelligibility in history. - Raison d'État ( 1 ): newness and object of scandal. - Three focal points of the polemical debate around raison d'État: Machiavelli, "politics" ( la "politique" ), and the "state." Ten: 15 March 1978 Raison d'État ( II ): its definition and principal characteristics in the seventeenth century. - The new model of historical temporality entailed by raison d'État. - Specific features of raison d'État with regard to pastoral government: ( 1 ) The problem of salvation: the theory of coup d'État ( Naudé ). Necessity, violence, theatricality. - ( 2 ) The problem of obedience. Bacon: the question of sedition. Differences between Bacon and Machiavelli. - ( 3 ) The problem of truth: from the wisdom of the prince to knowledge of the state. Birth of statistics. The problem of the secret. - The reflexive prism in which the problem of the state appeared. - Presence-absence of "population" in this new problematic. Eleven: 22 March 1978 Raison d'État ( III ). - The state as principle of intelligibility and as objective. - The functioning of this governmental reason: ( A ) In theoretical texts. The theory of the preservation of the state. ( B ) In political practice. Competition between states. - The Treaty of Westphalia and the end of the Roman Empire. - Force, a new element of political reason. - Politics and the dynamic of forces. - The first technological ensemble typical of this new art of government: the diplomatic-military system. - Its objective: the search for a European balance. What is Europe? The idea of "balance." - Its instruments: ( 1 ) war; ( 2 ) diplomacy; ( 3 ) the installation of a permanent military apparatus ( dispositif ). Twelve: 29 March 1978 The second technological assemblage characteristic of the new art of government according to raison d'État: police. Traditional meanings of the word up to the sixteenth century. Its new sense in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: calculation and technique making possible the good sue of the state's forces. - The triple relationship between the system of European balance and police. - Diversity of Italian, German, and French situations. - Turquet de Mayerne, La Monarchie aristodémocratique. - The control of human activity as constitutive element of the force of the state. - Objects of police: ( 1 ) the number of citizens; ( 2 ) the necessities of life; ( 3 ) health; ( 4 ) occupations; ( 5 ) the coexistence and circulation of men. - Police as the art of managing life and the well-being of populations. Thirteen: 5 April 1978 Police ( continuation ). - Delamare. - The town as site for the development of police. Police and urban regulation. Urbanization of the territory. Relationship between police and the mercantilist problematic. - Emergence of the market town. - Methods of police. Difference between police and justice. An essentially regulatory type of power. Regulation and discipline. - Return to the problem of grain. - Criticism of the police state on the basis of the problem of scarcity. - The theses of the économistes. - The transformations of raison d'État: ( 1 ) the naturalness of society; ( 2 ) new relationships between power and knowledge; ( 3 ) taking charge of the population ( public hygiene, demography, etc. ); ( 4 ) new forms of state intervention; ( 5 ) the status of liberty. - Elements of the new art of government: economic practice, management of the population, law and respect for liberties, police with a repressive function. - Different forms of counter-conduct relative to this governmentality. - General conclusion. Course Summary Course Context Index of Names Subject Index
Foreword Introduction 11 January 1978 18 January 1978 25 January 1978 1 February 1978 8 February 1978 15 February 1978 22 February 1978 1 March 1978 8 March 1978 15 March 1978 22 March 1978 29 March 1978 5 April 1978 Course Summary Course Context Index of Notions Index of Names
Forward: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana Introduction: Arnold I. Davidson One: 11 January 1978 General perspective of the lectures: the study of bio-power. - Five proposals on the analysis of mechanisms of power. - Legal system, disciplinary mechanisms, and security apparatuses ( dipositifs ). Two examples: ( a ) the punishment of theft; ( b ) the treatment of leprosy, plague, and smallpox. - General features of security apparatuses ( 1 ): the spaces of security. - The example of the town. - Three examples of planning urban space in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: ( a ) Alexandre Le Maître's La Métrpolitée ( 1682 ): ( b ) Richelieu; ( c ) Nantes. Two: 18 January 1978 General features of apparatuses of security ( II ): relationship to the event: the art of governing and treatment of the uncertain ( l'aléatoire ). - The problem of scarcity ( la disette ) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. - From the mercantilists to the physiocrats. - Differences between apparatuses of security and disciplinary mechanisms in ways of dealing with the event. - The new governmental rationality and the emergence of "population." - Conclusion on liberalism: liberty as ideology and technique of government. Three: 25 January 1978 General features of apparatuses of security ( III ). - Normation ( normation ) and normalization. - The example of the epidemic ( smallpox ) and inoculation campaigns in the eighteenth century. - The emergence of new notions: case, risk, danger, and crisis. - The forms of normalization in discipline and in mechanisms of security. - Deployment of a new political technology: the government of populations. - The problem of population in the mercantilists and the physiocrats. - The population as operator ( operateur ) of transformations in domains of knowledge: from the analysis of wealth to political economy, from natural history to biology, from general grammar to historical philology. Four: 1 February 1978 The problem of "government in the sixteenth century. - Multiplicity of practices of government ( government of self, government of souls, government of children, etcetera ). - The specific problem of the government of the state. - The point of repulsion of the literature on government: Machiavelli's The Prince. - Brief history of the reception of The Prince until the nineteenth century. - The art of government distinct from the Prince's simple artfulness. - Example of this new art of government: Guillaume de la Perrière Le Miroir politique ( 1555 ). - A government that finds its end in the "things" to be directed. - Decline of law to the advantage of a variety of tactics. - The historical and institutional obstacles to the implementation of this art of government until the eighteenth century. - The problem of population an essential factor in unblocking the art of government. - The triangle formed by government, population, and political economy. - Questions of method: the project of a history of "governmentality." Overvaluation of the problem of the state. Five: 8 February 1978 Why study governmentality? - The problem of the state and population. - Reminder of the general project: triple displacement of the analysis in relation to ( a ) the institution, ( b ) the function, and ( c ) the object. - The stake of this year's lectures. - Elements for a history of "government." Its semantic field from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. - The idea of the government of men. Its sources : ( A ) The organization of a pastoral power in the pre-Christian and Christian East. ( B ) Spiritual direction ( direction de conscience ). - First outline of the pastorate. Its specific features: ( a ) it is exercised over a multiplicity on the move; ( b ) it is a fundamentally beneficent power with salvation of the flocks as its objective; ( c ) it is a power which individualizes. Omnes et singulatim. The paradox of the shepherd ( berger ). -The institutionalization of the pastorate by the Christian Church. Six: 15 February 1978 Analysis of the pastorate ( continuation ). - The problem of the shepherd-flock relationship in Greek literature and thought: Homer, the Pythagorean tradition. Rareness of the shepherd metaphor in classical political literature ( Isocrates, Demosthenes ). - A major exception: Plato's The Statesman. The use of the metaphor in other Plato texts ( Critias, Laws, The Republic ). The critique of the idea of a magistrate-shepherd in The Statesman. The pastoral metaphor applied to the doctor, farmer, gymnast, and teacher. - The history of the pastorate in the West, as a model of the government of men, in inseparable from Christianity. Its transformations and crises up to the eighteenth century. Need for a history of the pastorate. - Characteristics of the "government of souls": encompassing power coextensive with the organization of the Church and distinct from political power. - The problem of the relationships between political power and pastoral power in the West. Comparison with the Russian tradition. Seven: 22 February 1978 Analysis of the pastorate ( end ). - Specificity of the Christian pastorate in comparison with Eastern and Hebraic traditions. - An art of governing men. Its role in the history of governmentality. - Main features of the Christian pastorate from the third to the sixth century ( Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, Gregory the Great, Cassian, Saint Benedict ): ( 1 ) the relationship to salvation. An economy of merits and faults: ( a ) the principle of analytical responsibility; ( b ) the principle of exhaustive and instantaneous transfer; ( c ) the principle of sacrificial reversal; ( d ) the principle of alternate correspondence. ( 2 ) The relationship to the law: institution of a relationship of complete subordination of the sheep to the person who directs them. An individual and non-finalized relationship. Difference between Greek and Christian apatheia. ( 3 ) The relationship to the truth; the production of hidden truths. Pastoral teaching and spiritual direction. - Conclusion: an absolutely new form of power that marks the appearance of specific modes of individualization. Its decisive importance for the history of the subject. Eight: 1 March 1978 The notion of "conduct." - The crisis of the pastorate. - Revolts of conduct in the field of the pastorate. - The shift of forms of resistance to the borders of political institutions in the modern age: examples of the army, secret societies, and medicine. - Problem of vocabulary: "Revolts of conduct," "insubordination" ( insoumission )," "dissidence," and "counter-conduct." Pastoral counter-conducts. Historical reminder: ( a ) asceticism; ( b ) communities; ( c ) mysticism; ( d ) Scripture; ( e ) eschatological beliefs. - Conclusion: what is at stake in the reference to the notion of "pastoral power" for an analysis of the modes of exercise of power in general. Nine: 8 March 1978 From the pastoral of souls to the political government of men. - General context of this transformation: the crisis of the pastorate and the insurrections of conduct in the sixteenth century. The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation. Other factors. - Two notable phenomena; the intensification of the religious pastorate and the increasing question of conduct, on both private and public levels. - Governmental reason specific to the exercise of sovereignty. - Comparison with Saint Thomas. - Break-up of the cosmological-theological continuum. - The question of the art of governing. - Comment on the problem of intelligibility in history. - Raison d'État ( 1 ): newness and object of scandal. - Three focal points of the polemical debate around raison d'État: Machiavelli, "politics" ( la "politique" ), and the "state." Ten: 15 March 1978 Raison d'État ( II ): its definition and principal characteristics in the seventeenth century. - The new model of historical temporality entailed by raison d'État. - Specific features of raison d'État with regard to pastoral government: ( 1 ) The problem of salvation: the theory of coup d'État ( Naudé ). Necessity, violence, theatricality. - ( 2 ) The problem of obedience. Bacon: the question of sedition. Differences between Bacon and Machiavelli. - ( 3 ) The problem of truth: from the wisdom of the prince to knowledge of the state. Birth of statistics. The problem of the secret. - The reflexive prism in which the problem of the state appeared. - Presence-absence of "population" in this new problematic. Eleven: 22 March 1978 Raison d'État ( III ). - The state as principle of intelligibility and as objective. - The functioning of this governmental reason: ( A ) In theoretical texts. The theory of the preservation of the state. ( B ) In political practice. Competition between states. - The Treaty of Westphalia and the end of the Roman Empire. - Force, a new element of political reason. - Politics and the dynamic of forces. - The first technological ensemble typical of this new art of government: the diplomatic-military system. - Its objective: the search for a European balance. What is Europe? The idea of "balance." - Its instruments: ( 1 ) war; ( 2 ) diplomacy; ( 3 ) the installation of a permanent military apparatus ( dispositif ). Twelve: 29 March 1978 The second technological assemblage characteristic of the new art of government according to raison d'État: police. Traditional meanings of the word up to the sixteenth century. Its new sense in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: calculation and technique making possible the good sue of the state's forces. - The triple relationship between the system of European balance and police. - Diversity of Italian, German, and French situations. - Turquet de Mayerne, La Monarchie aristodémocratique. - The control of human activity as constitutive element of the force of the state. - Objects of police: ( 1 ) the number of citizens; ( 2 ) the necessities of life; ( 3 ) health; ( 4 ) occupations; ( 5 ) the coexistence and circulation of men. - Police as the art of managing life and the well-being of populations. Thirteen: 5 April 1978 Police ( continuation ). - Delamare. - The town as site for the development of police. Police and urban regulation. Urbanization of the territory. Relationship between police and the mercantilist problematic. - Emergence of the market town. - Methods of police. Difference between police and justice. An essentially regulatory type of power. Regulation and discipline. - Return to the problem of grain. - Criticism of the police state on the basis of the problem of scarcity. - The theses of the économistes. - The transformations of raison d'État: ( 1 ) the naturalness of society; ( 2 ) new relationships between power and knowledge; ( 3 ) taking charge of the population ( public hygiene, demography, etc. ); ( 4 ) new forms of state intervention; ( 5 ) the status of liberty. - Elements of the new art of government: economic practice, management of the population, law and respect for liberties, police with a repressive function. - Different forms of counter-conduct relative to this governmentality. - General conclusion. Course Summary Course Context Index of Names Subject Index
Foreword Introduction 11 January 1978 18 January 1978 25 January 1978 1 February 1978 8 February 1978 15 February 1978 22 February 1978 1 March 1978 8 March 1978 15 March 1978 22 March 1978 29 March 1978 5 April 1978 Course Summary Course Context Index of Notions Index of Names
Rezensionen
'These lectures offer the wonderful opportunity of witnessing a great mind at work. In answering the question of whether the general economy of power in our societies is becoming a domain of security Foucault is never less than erudite, insightful and challenging. Here, probably better than anywhere else, we see the nature of his thoughts on the rationality of modern government'. - Jeremy Jennings, Department of Politics, Queen Mary, University of London, and editor of The European Journal of Political Theory
'Security, Territory and Population is a stunning display of Foucault's skills of historical research and theoretical insight. Exploring the emergence of 'bio-power'and the 'techniques of security' designed to shape and regulate populations from a distance, Foucault looks beyond disciplinary power to a distinctively modern form of government through freedom. Accessible and highly readable, these lectures have much to tell us about our contemporary situation.' - James Martin, Department of Politics, Goldsmiths, University of London
'The English translation of Security, Territory and Population is a major event not only for Anglophone readers of Foucault's work, but for all those concerned with understanding our present social and political condition. These lectures show that the trenchant analysis of biopower, power over life, which Foucault had begun in the first volume of the History of Sexuality and which he pursues here in terms of technologies of security, led him to a decisively deeper and more radical formulation of his guiding problematic-what he called the government of the self and others-the issue that would serve as the basis for all his subsequent work. Security, Territory and Population might thus properly be called the 'missing link' that reveals the underlying unity of Foucault's later thought. It offers a new set of tools and analyses for all those who would seek to take up its line of flight. Burchell's translation is meticulous, supple, and attentive to the nuances of Foucault's fluid lecture style. We all stand in his debt.' - Kevin Thompson, Book Review Editor, Continental Philosophy Review, Department of Philosophy, DePaul University
'Security, Territory, Population therefore provides an indispensable resource for those who are already working on the history of governmentality as well as a useful point of reference for those who are familiar with Foucault's work but wish to gain additional insight into some of his most productive lines of historical inquiry.' - Nick Butler, Ephemera, Theory& Politics in Organization
'...much care has gone into the editing and presentation of the work, with great respect paid for the original oral delivery balanced by the addition of scholarly notes and references, occasional supplementary material provided from the written course manuscripts, as well as a helpful essay by the editor on the context of the course.' - Matthew Chrulew, Limina (A Journalof Historical and Cultural Studies)
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