A self assembled monolayer (SAM) is an organized layer of amphiphilic molecules in which one end of the molecule, the head group shows a specific, reversible affinity for a substrate. SAMs also consist of a tail with a functional group at the terminal end as seen in Figure 1. SAMs are created by the chemisorption of hydrophilic head groups onto a substrate from either the vapor or liquid phase followed by a slow two-dimensional organization of hydrophobic tail groups . Initially, adsorbate molecules form either a disordered mass of molecules or form a lying down phase , and over a period of minutes to hours, begin to form crystalline or semicrystalline structures on the substrate surface. The hydrophilic head groups assemble together on the substrate, while the
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