SMART CHARGING SOLUTIONS The most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart charging solutions for hybrid and electric vehicles for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals. As our dependence on fossil fuels continues to wane all over the world, demand for dependable and economically feasible energy sources continues to grow. As environmental regulations become more stringent, energy production is relying more and more heavily on locally available renewable resources. Furthermore, fuel consumption and emissions are facilitating the transition to sustainable…mehr
The most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart charging solutions for hybrid and electric vehicles for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals.
As our dependence on fossil fuels continues to wane all over the world, demand for dependable and economically feasible energy sources continues to grow. As environmental regulations become more stringent, energy production is relying more and more heavily on locally available renewable resources. Furthermore, fuel consumption and emissions are facilitating the transition to sustainable transportation. The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has been increasing steadily over the past few years throughout the world.
With the increasing popularity of EVs, a competitive market between charging stations (CSS) to attract more EVs is expected. This outstanding new volume is a resource for engineers, researchers, and practitioners interested in getting acquainted with smart charging for electric vehicles technologies. It includes many chapters dealing with the state-of-the-art studies on EV smart charging along with charging infrastructure. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this is a must-have volume for any library.
Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: _ Presents the state of the art of smart charging for hybrid and electric vehicles, from a technological point of view _ Focuses on optimization and prospective solutions for practical problems _ Covers the most important recent developmental technologies related to renewable energy, to keep the engineer up to date and well informed _ Includes economic considerations, such as business models and price structures _ Covers standards and regulatory frameworks for smart charging solutions
Sulabh Sachan, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MJP Rohilkhand University Bareilly, India. He received his PhD from MNNIT Allahabad, India in 2018, his MTech in power systems from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India, in 2013, and his BTech in electrical engineering from KNIT Sultanpur, in 2011. He is a member of IEEE and IEEE PES. His research interests include electric vehicle charging discharging and its integration issues in distribution networks. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and works with CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching. Sanchari Deb, PhD, is a post-doctorate fellow at VTT Technical Research Center, Finland. She received her PhD from the Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India in 2020. She holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical engineering from Assam Engineering College, Guwahati and Master of Engineering degree in power systems from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. She is a member of IEEE and IEEE PES, and her research interests are power systems, energy, electric vehicles, charging infrastructure, optimization, and evolutionary algorithms.
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Preface xv
1 Smart Charging: An Outlook Towards its Role and Impacts, Enablers, Markets, and the Global Energy System 1 Bikash Sah and Praveen Kumar
1.1 Introduction to Smart Charging 2
1.1.1 Context of SMART 3
1.1.2 Approaches 5
1.1.3 Contributions 5
1.2 Types of Charging 6
1.2.1 Uncoordinated Charging 6
1.2.2 Coordinated Charging 7
1.2.3 Smart Charging 8
1.3 Impact of Smart Charging on Global Energy Systems 14
1.3.1 On the Grid Side 15
1.3.2 On the Demand Side 15
1.3.3 Overall Infrastructure 16
1.4 Types of Smart Charging 16
1.5 Entities of a Smart-Charging System 18
1.5.1 Operators: Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 19
1.5.2 Controllers 19
1.5.3 Aggregators 20
1.5.4 Communication System 20
1.5.5 Stakeholders 22
1.5.5.1 Policymakers 22
1.5.5.2 Manufacturers 23
1.5.5.3 Service and Support Providers 23
1.5.5.4 Consumers 23
1.5.6 Market 24
1.6 Enablers of Smart Charging 24
1.7 Control Architectures 26
1.7.1 Centralized 26
1.7.2 Decentralized 27
1.7.3 Comments on Suitability 28
1.8 Outlook towards Smart Charging 30
1.9 Conclusion 31
References 32
2 Influence of Electric Vehicles on Improvements in the Electric Distribution Grid 39 Michela Longo, Wahiba Yaïci and Dario Zaninelli
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Evolution of the Distribution System 41
2.2.1 Present and Next Challenges of the Distribution System 41
2.2.2 Energy Planning 43
2.2.3 Impacts on the Consumption of Energy Sources 45
2.2.4 Impacts of the Consumption on Distribution Networks 45
2.2.5 Evolution towards Smart Grids 46
2.3 Electric Mobility 50
2.3.1 Electric Vehicle Classification 51
2.3.2 Electric Mobility Maturity in Italy 53
2.3.2.1 Technological Maturity 54
2.3.2.2 Regulatory Maturity 54
2.3.2.3 Market Maturity 54
2.3.3 Electric Vehicle Market 57
2.3.4 Italian EV Market 58
2.3.5 The Influence of Batteries 59
2.3.6 Future Scenarios 61
2.3.7 Plans for the Diffusion of Charging Systems in Italy - PNIRE 64
2.3.8 Models and Diffusion Plans 65
2.3.8.1 The ANCI Guidelines 66
2.3.9 Charging Infrastructure 66
2.4 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles 68
2.4.1 State-of-the-Art Charging Infrastructure 68
2.4.2 Charging Modes 69
2.4.2.1 Mode 1: Charging in Domestic Environment, Slow (6-8 h) up to 16 A 70
2.4.2.2 Mode 2: Charging in Domestic Environment, Slow (3-4 h) up to 32 A 71
2.4.2.3 Mode 3: Recharge in Domestic and Public Environment, Slow (6-8 h) or Fast (30 min - 1 h) 71
2.4.2.4 Mode 4: Charging in Public Environment, Fast (10-30 min) (Charging in Direct Current) 71
2.4.3 Charging Poles 72
2.4.4 Charging Connectors 75
2.4.5 Pilot Circuit 77
2.4.6 Complete Pilot Circuit 78
2.4.7 Simplified Pilot Circuit 78
2.5 Conclusion 79
References 79
3 Smart Charging Strategies for the Changing Grid 83 Chandana Sasidharan and Shweta Kalia
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Charging Strategy based on Vehicle Type 86
3.3 Mapping of Charging Strategies 90
3.4 Evaluation of Charging Strategies 99
References 100
4 Pricing Schemes for Smart Charging 105 Ahad Abessi, Vahid Safari and Mohammad Shadnam Zar
