Lars T. Berger, Krzysztof Iniewski

Smart Grid

Applications, Communications, and Security

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

For many, smart grids are the biggest technological revolution since the Internet. They have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, increase the reliability of electricity supply, and increase the efficiency of our energy infrastructure.

Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security explains how diverse technologies play hand-in-hand in building and maintaining smart grids around the globe. The book delves into the communication aspects of smart grids, provides incredible insight into power electronics, sensing, monitoring, and control technologies, and points out the potential for new technologies and markets.

Extensively cross-referenced, the book contains comprehensive coverage in four major parts:

Part I: Applications provides a detailed introduction to smart grid applications-spanning the transmission, distribution, and consumer side of the electricity grid
Part II: Communications discusses wireless, wireline, and optical communication solutions-from the physical layers up to sensing, automation, and control protocols running on the application layers
Part III: Security deals with cyber security-sharpening the awareness of security threats, reviewing the ongoing standardization, and outlining the future of authentication and encryption key management
Part IV: Case Studies and Field Trials presents self-contained chapters of studies where the smart grid of tomorrow has already been put into practice With contributions from major industry stakeholders such as Siemens, Cisco, ABB, and Motorola, this is the ideal book for both engineering professionals and students.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118004390
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 488
• Erscheinungstermin: 10. April 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 30mm
• Gewicht: 786g
• ISBN-13: 9781118004395
• ISBN-10: 1118004396
• Artikelnr.: 34548262

Autorenporträt

LARS TORSTEN BERGER, PHD, is founder of BreezeSolve, a Valencia-based company offering engineering and consultant services in telecommunications, signal processing, and smart grid. He is currently also directing the R&D Department of Kenus Informática, Paterna, Spain. In his career, Dr. Berger has worked for Daimler-Benz Aerospace, Nortel Networks, Nokia Networks, as well as DS2, and has held faculty positions at Aalborg University, Denmark, and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. KRZYSZTOF (KRIS) INIEWSKI, PHD, is managing R&D at Redlen Technologies Inc., a start-up company in Vancouver, Canada. Redlen's revolutionary production process for advanced semiconductor materials enables a new generation of more accurate, all-digital, radiation-based imaging solutions. Dr. Iniewski is also Executive Director of CMOS Emerging Technologies. In his career, Dr. Iniewski has held numerous faculty and management positions at the University of Toronto, University of Alberta, SFU, and PMC-Sierra Inc. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences, holds eighteen international patents, and has written and edited several books.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv
Contributors xvii
Part I Applications
1 Introduction to Smart Grid Applications 3
Xiaoming Feng, James Stoupis, Salman Mohagheghi, and Mats Larsson
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Voltage and Var Control and Optimization 5
1.2.1 Introduction 5
1.2.2 Devices for Voltage and Var Control 6
1.2.3 Voltage Drop and Energy Loss in Distribution System 7
1.2.4 Load Response to Voltage Variations 8
1.2.5 Benefit Potentials of Voltage and Var Control 9
1.2.6 Voltage and Var Control Approaches 10
1.2.7 Communication Requirements 12
1.2.8 Inclusion of New Controllable Resources 13
1.2.9 Interaction with Other Applications 14
1.3 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR) 14
1.3.1 Drivers and Benefits of FDIR 15
1.3.2 FDIR Background 15
1.3.3 Field-Based FDIR Schemes 16
1.3.4 Control Center-Based FDIR Schemes 19
1.3.5 Reliability: Present and Future 20
1.4 Demand Response (DR) 21
1.4.1 Types of DR Programs 22
1.4.2 Communication Requirements 24
1.4.3 Statistical Reliability of Demand Response 24
1.5 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 25
1.5.1 Operation and Control 26
1.5.2 Communication Requirements 28
1.5.3 Sustainable Power Grid 28
1.6 Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection (WAMCP) 28
1.6.1 Structure of a Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection System
29
1.6.2 Overview of WAMCP Applications 34
1.6.3 Stabilizing and Emergency Control Actions 37
1.6.4 Implementation Aspects of WAMCP Systems 39
References 44
2 Electric Vehicles as a Driver for Smart Grids 49
Nigel Fitzpatrick and Alec Tsang
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Hybrids 50
2.3 Hybrids 51
2.4 The General Electric Delta Car 52
2.5 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, and Semi and Full-Fuel Cells 53
2.6 Lithium Ion 56
2.7 Cell Voltage, Reliability of Stacks, and Impact of Inverters 57
2.8 Battery Mass Fraction, Energy, Power, Benefits and a Penalty 58
2.9 Vehicle Classes, Niches, and Constraints 59
2.10 Messages from Full-Cycle Modeling, Energy Security, and Air Quality 60
2.11 Market Penetration by Vehicle Niche 60
2.12 Vehicle Architecture, Key Components, Controls, and Cost 61
2.13 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) Charging: Levels 1 to 3 62
2.13.1 Level 1: 125 Volt AC 63
2.13.2 Level 2: Greater than 125 Volt AC or Greater than 20 amps 63
2.13.3 Level 3: Charging 64
2.14 Grid Impacts 64
2.15 Vehicle to Grid (V2G): A First or Second Order Matter? 66
2.16 Second Life for Used Vehicle Batteries Grid-Side Instead? 68
2.17 The City and the Vehicle 69
2.18 Impact of Electric Drive on Greenhouse Gas Emissions 69
2.19 Conclusions 70
Acknowledgments 71
References 71
3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 75
Hamed Mohsenian-Rad and Alberto Leon-Garcia
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Direct and Indirect Demand-Side Management 77
3.3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 79
3.4 Optimal Energy Consumption Scheduling 82
3.5 Price Prediction 88
3.6 Managing User-Side Storage and Generation 91
3.7 Conclusion 92
References 92
4 Power Electronics for Monitoring, Signaling, and Protection 97
Wilsun Xu
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Power Line Communication 98
4.2.1 Zero-Crossing Shift Technique 98
4.2.2 Waveform Distortion Technique 99
4.2.3 Ripple Signaling Technique 101
4.2.4 Summary 102
4.3 Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection 102
4.3.1 Online Motor Thermal Protection 103
4.3.2 Faulted Line Identification in Ungrounded Systems 104
4.3.3 Generator Ground Fault Detection 105
4.3.4 HVDC Neutral Ground Fault Detection 107
4.3.5 Detections of Faults in a De-energized Line 107
4.3.6 Summary 108
4.4 Active Protection 109
4.4.1 Impedance-Based Anti-islanding Protection for Distributed Generators
109
4.4.2 Power Line Signaling-Based Transfer Trip Scheme 110
4.4.3 PT Ferroresonance Protection 112
4.4.4 Summary 113
4.5 Power Electronics Signaling Technology 113
4.6 Conclusions 115
References 116
Part II Communications
5 Introduction to Smart Grid Communications 121
Wenbo Shi and Vincent W. S. Wong
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 An Overview of Network Architecture 124
5.3 Premises Network 127
5.4 Neighborhood Area Network 131
5.5 Wide Area Network 135
5.6 Standardization Activities 138
5.7 Conclusions 141
References 142
6 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN SMART GRIDS 145
Juan José García Fernández, Lars Torsten Berger, Ana García Armada, María
Julia Fernández-Getino García, Víctor P. Gil Jiménez, and Troels B.
Sørensen
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks 150
6.2.1 802.15.4 Physical Layer 151
6.2.2 802.15.4 Medium Access Control Sublayer 153
6.2.3 ZigBee Network Layer 154
6.2.4 ZigBee Application Layer 155
6.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 156
6.3.1 Wi-Fi Physical Layer (PHY) 157
6.3.2 Wi-Fi Medium Access Control (MAC) 160
6.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 162
6.4.1 The 802.16 Physical Layer 162
6.4.2 The 802.16 Medium Access Control Layer 164
6.5 Cellular Networks 165
6.5.1 Cellular Systems 165
6.5.2 Applicability to Machine-to-Machine Communications 166
6.5.3 Cellular Characteristics 167
6.6 Satellite Communications 170
6.6.1 Satellite Orbits 171
6.6.2 Satellite Regulations 173
6.6.3 Frequency Bands and Propagation Effects 174
6.6.4 Satellite Technology and Topology Considerations 175
6.6.5 Satellite Communication Standards 176
6.6.6 Fixed Satellite Systems 178
6.6.7 Mobile Satellite Systems 180
6.7 Conclusions 181
Acknowledgment 182
References 182
7 Wireline Communications in Smart Grids 191
Lars Torsten Berger
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Phone Line Technology 195
7.2.1 DSL Overview 195
7.2.2 DSL Scenarios 196
7.2.3 ADSL2+ and VDSL2 199
7.3 Coaxial Cable Technologies 201
7.3.1 Coax Scenarios 202
7.3.2 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 203
7.4 Power Line Technology 204
7.4.1 PLC Scenarios, Channel, and Noise Aspects 205
7.4.2 PLC Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 210
7.4.3 Narrowband PLC 213
7.4.4 Broadband PLC 215
7.5 Conclusions 220
Acknowledgment 220
References 220
8 Optical Communications in Smart Grids 231
Kris Iniewski
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) 232
8.3 Wave Length Division Multiplexing (WDM) 235
8.4 SONET/SDH 238
8.5 Carrier Ethernet 239
8.6 Conclusions 241
References 242
9 Network Layer Aspects of Smart Grid Communications 243
Kris Iniewski
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 TCP/IP Networks 244
9.2.1 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 244
9.2.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 247
9.2.3 IPv6 247
9.2.4 TCP/IP for Wireless Networks 247
9.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 248
9.4 Conclusions 248
References 249
10 Smart Grid Sensing, Automation, and Control Protocols 251
Wolfgang Mahnke
10.1 Introduction 251
10.1.1 Communication 253
10.1.2 Information Model 257
10.2 Protocols and Standards 259
10.2.1 IEC 61850 260
10.2.2 IEC 61968/IEC 61970 267
10.2.3 OPC UA 272
10.2.4 DNP3 279
10.2.5 BACnet 280
10.2.6 OpenADR 282
10.2.7 ZigBee 284
10.2.8 Other Specifications 285
10.3 Conclusions 286
References 289
Part III security
11 Introduction to Smart Grid Cyber Security 295
Pedro Marín Fernandes
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 Examples 299
11.2.1 The North American Example 299
11.2.2 The European Example 314
11.3 Conclusion 316
References 319
12 Smart Grid Security Standardization 321
Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof
12.1 Standardization Activities 321
12.2 Smart Grid Security Requirements 321
12.3 Security Relevant Regulation and Standardization Activities 323
12.3.1 ISO/IEC 324
12.3.2 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 327
12.3.3 ISA (International Society of Automation) 327
12.3.4 CIGRE 328
12.3.5 NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) 328
12.3.6 National Activities 329
12.4 Trends in Energy Automation Security 332
12.5 Conclusion 333
References 333
13 Smart Grid Authentication and Key Management 337
Anthony Metke
13.1 Introduction and Scope 337
13.1.1 Overview of Potential Vulnerabilities 338
13.1.2 High Level System Requirements 339
13.1.3 Review of Key Management Techniques 341
13.2 Authentication and Authorization Issues in the Smart Grid 347
13.2.1 Grid to Grid 347
13.2.2 AMI 348
13.2.3 HAN 349
13.3 Architectural Considerations and Recommendations 350
13.3.1 Malware Protection 350
13.3.2 Device Attestation 353
13.3.3 Holistic PKI model 353
13.4 Conclusion and Next Steps 358
References 360
Part IV Case Studies and Field Trials
14 Hybrid Wireless-Plc Smart Grid in Rural Greece 365
Angeliki M. Sarafi , Athanasios E. Drougas, Petros I. Papaioannou, and
Panayotis G. Cottis
14.1 Introduction 365
14.2 Network Design and Implementation 366
14.2.1 PHY and MAC Specifications 367
14.2.2 Cell-Based Architecture for W-BPL Networks 369
14.2.3 The Network Operating Center (NOC) 369
14.2.4 Last-Mile Access 370
14.3 Smart-Grid Applications Offered in Larissa 371
14.3.1 Grid Monitoring and Operations Optimization 371
14.3.2 Demand-Side Management 373
14.3.3 Broadband Services 374
14.4 Key Lessons Learned 375
14.4.1 Issues Related to the Site of the BPL Deployment 375
14.4.2 Issues Related to the Condition of MV Grid 376
14.4.3 Application Related Issues 377
14.5 Conclusions 378
References 379
15 SMART CHARGING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEET 381
Peter Bach Andersen, Einar Bragi Hauksson, Anders Bro Pedersen, Dieter
Gantenbein, Bernhard Jansen, Claus Amtrup Andersen, and Jacob Dall
15.1 Introduction 381
15.2 The Fleet Operator as a New Conceptual Role 382
15.2.1 Fleet Operator Interaction with Grid and Market Stakeholders 382
15.2.2 The Objective of the Fleet Operator 384
15.2.3 ICT Architecture Setup and Requirements 385
15.3 EDISON and the Use of Standards 386
15.3.1 Standards Between Electric Vehicle and Electric Vehicle Supply
Equipment: IEC 61851 and ISO/IEC 15118 387
15.3.2 Standard Between Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and Fleet
Operator: IEC 61850 388
15.4 Smart Charging Communication Components 390
15.4.1 The IEC 61850 Server 390
15.4.2 The EDISON VPP 392
15.4.3 The EDISON I/O Board 394
15.5 Charging Infrastructure Communication 394
15.5.1 Interface Connecting EV to EVSE 395
15.5.2 Interface Connecting EVSE to Fleet Operator 396
15.5.3 Interface Connecting EV User to Fleet Operator 399
15.6 Demonstration 400
15.6.1 End-to-End Demonstration: From EV to Operator Panel 400
15.6.2 Physical Demonstration Assets 401
15.6.3 A Large-Scale Virtual Fleet 402
15.7 Conclusion and Future Work 403
References 406
16 Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters 409
Wenyuan Li, Paul Choudhury, and Jun Sun
16.1 Introduction 409
16.2 Basic Concepts 410
16.3 Filtering Invalid Measurements 412
16.4 Estimating Parameters Rij, Xij, and Y 414
16.5 Simulation Results 417
16.5.1 Estimating Parameters of a Line in
IEEE 118-Bus System, 418
16.5.2 Estimating Parameters of a Line in BC Hydro System 418
16.6 Conclusions 421
References 426
17 Wamcp Study: Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control 429
Mats Larsson
17.1 Wide-Area Voltage Stability Protection 429
17.1.1 Power System State Prediction and Optimization 430
17.1.2 Heuristic Tree Search 431
17.1.3 Voltage Stability Protection Based on Local Measurements 433
17.1.4 Test Network 433
17.1.5 Scenarios and Simulation Results 436
17.2 Conclusion 440
References 440
18 Secure Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 443
Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof
18.1 Introduction 443
18.2 Challenges in the Smart Grid 444
18.3 Access Control and Authorization for Remote Access to Home Energy
Appliances 446
18.3.1 ASIA: Operation in Session Invocation Mode 448
18.3.2 ASIA: Operation in Redirect Mode 449
18.3.3 ASIA: Operation in Proxy Mode 450
18.3.4 ASIA Mode Comparison 451
Index 455

Rezensionen

"I highly recommend the very complete reference book Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security, edited by Lars T. Berger, Ph.D., and Krzysztof Iniewski, Ph.D., to any engineers, power utility executives, business leaders, policy makers, government officials, and engineering students who are seeking a useful overview of the various aspects of the smart grid and its impact. This book will provide the essential foundation to understanding the smart grid, and will lead to further more specialized research and study as well." -- Blog Business World, 2012