Vulnerability is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects the basic needs of individuals, families and communities. It not only calls into question the ability of populations to take charge of their own food, health, education, psychosocial and living conditions, but also their knowledge and skills in resource management and development. The factors at the origin of the occurrence of vulnerability can be political, economic, social and cultural, psychosocial and ecological. This study has allowed us to better understand the terms in which the vulnerability of families in the Sarfalao neighborhood of Bobo-Dioulasso is expressed, but it does not claim to have closed the debate on the theme of vulnerability, which remains a topical and sustainable development issue that can be the subject of multidisciplinary investigations. Furthermore, this study could be further developed in the framework of a doctoral thesis by revisiting the theoretical and methodological perspectives.