The book includes theoretical and bibliographic articles about health, sickness, sickle cell disease, children and childhood from the perspective of Anthropology and Sociology of health and children. It begins with a methodological approach to health research, a discussion on the experience of illness as an analytical category, then a specific discussion on children in the sociological and anthropological context, and finally the combination of all the topics previously discussed in a reflection on children with sickle cell disease. Keywords: Health; disease; illness; child; childhood.