The L-lysine fermentation process is a complex non-linear, strongly coupled, and large time- varying system. To maximize the production efficiency and product quality of L-lysine, it is necessary to use advanced control technology to dynamically regulate and optimize the L- lysine fermentation process in real-time and to control it under the best process conditions. In this book, we focus on the soft measurement of key variables in L-lysine fermentation process, non-linear model predictive control method, etc., to carry out research on the optimal operation control of L-lysine fermentation process.This book is not only a monograph of scientific research achievements, but also a new effective detection and control method for biological fermentation process. Furthermore, it is hoped that it can enlighten readers in theoretical research and engineering application.