Freemasonry began with stonemasons in the Middle Ages experiencing the decline of cathedral building. Some guilds invited honorary memberships to boost their numbers. These usually highly educated new members practiced symbolic or "speculative Freemasonry." The new Masonic lodges and learned societies offered their growing numbers of Protestant, Catholic and Jewish members an understanding of deism, Newtonian science and representative government, and of literature and the fine arts. This work describes how Masons on both sides of the Atlantic were mostly either enlighteners, political…mehr
Freemasonry began with stonemasons in the Middle Ages experiencing the decline of cathedral building. Some guilds invited honorary memberships to boost their numbers. These usually highly educated new members practiced symbolic or "speculative Freemasonry." The new Masonic lodges and learned societies offered their growing numbers of Protestant, Catholic and Jewish members an understanding of deism, Newtonian science and representative government, and of literature and the fine arts. This work describes how Masons on both sides of the Atlantic were mostly either enlighteners, political reformers or moderate revolutionaries. They offered minimal support to radical revolutionary ideas and leaders.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
R. William Weisberger has long been a professor of history at Butler County Community College in Pennsylvania and an adjunct professor at the University of Pittsburgh. He has written articles for the East European Quarterly and Pennsylvania History and book reviews for The American Historical Review, The Journal of American History and The Journal of Social History.
Inhaltsangabe
Table of Contents Acknowledgments viii Preface Introduction 1. Speculative Freemasonry in Early Hanoverian London 2. Parisian Masonry, the Lodge of the Nine Sisters and the French Enlightenment 3. Prague and Viennese Freemasonry, the Enlightenment and the Operations of the True Harmony Lodge of Vienna Conclusion: An Evaluation of Eighteenth-Century Speculative Freemasonry in London, Paris, Prague and Vienna Appendix 1: Lodges Appendix 2: Benjamin Franklin: A Masonic Enlightener in Paris Appendix 3: Freemasonry as a Source of Jewish Civic Rights in Late Eighteenth-Century Vienna and Philadelphia: A Study in Atlantic History Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
Table of Contents Acknowledgments viii Preface Introduction 1. Speculative Freemasonry in Early Hanoverian London 2. Parisian Masonry, the Lodge of the Nine Sisters and the French Enlightenment 3. Prague and Viennese Freemasonry, the Enlightenment and the Operations of the True Harmony Lodge of Vienna Conclusion: An Evaluation of Eighteenth-Century Speculative Freemasonry in London, Paris, Prague and Vienna Appendix 1: Lodges Appendix 2: Benjamin Franklin: A Masonic Enlightener in Paris Appendix 3: Freemasonry as a Source of Jewish Civic Rights in Late Eighteenth-Century Vienna and Philadelphia: A Study in Atlantic History Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
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