Carole Ferrand

Speech Science

An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

For courses in speech and hearing science and anatomy and physiology in the discipline of communication sciences and disorders. Note: This is the bound book only and does not include access to the Enhanced Pearson eText. To order the Enhanced Pearson eText packaged with a bound book, use ISBN 0134675444. Theory and clinical application combine to present a well-rounded, accessible, relevant look at the evaluation and treatment of communication disorders. The Fourth Edition of this widely popular book focuses on the relationship between the scientific study of speech production and perception and the application of the material to the effective evaluation and treatment of communication disorders. Theoretical material is presented first, followed by clinical application chapters highlighting specific disorders. The organization of chapters in the new edition now more closely follows the speech subsystems approach, beginning with basic acoustics, and moving on to the respiratory system, phonatory system, articulatory/resonatory system, auditory system, and nervous system. As in previous editions, the book concludes with information on classic and current models and theories of speech production and perception. New and revised full color illustrations and larger spectrograms supplement the concepts presented by clearly depicting scientific and anatomical material and ensuring understanding of the links between the underlying science and human communicative behavior. Invigorate learning with the Enhanced Pearson eText The Enhanced Pearson eText provides a rich, interactive learning environment designed to improve student mastery of content with embedded self-check quizzes at the end of each chapter. The Enhanced Pearson eText is also available without a print version of the textbook. Instructors, visit pearsonhighered.com/etextbooks/ted to register for your digital examination copy. Students, register for or purchase your eText at pearsonhighered.com/etextbooks/ted.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Pearson Education (US)
• 4 ed
• Seitenzahl: 512
• Erscheinungstermin: 20. Januar 2017
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 272mm x 213mm x 15mm
• Gewicht: 1060g
• ISBN-13: 9780134481456
• ISBN-10: 0134481453
• Artikelnr.: 47162205

Autorenporträt

Dr. Carole Ferrand earned her BA in English at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, and her MS and PhD in Communication Sciences and Disorders from the Pennsylvania State University. She teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in speech science, and a graduate level course in Voice Disorders. Her research focuses on acoustic attributes of normal and disordered speech production. In addition to Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice, she is the author of the textbook, Voice Disorders: Scope of Theory and Practice. When not writing books, Dr. Ferrand enjoys reading historical fiction, a capella singing, and playing banjo.

Inhaltsangabe

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Sound
CHAPTER 2: The Respiratory System
CHAPTER 3: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory
Disorders
CHAPTER 4: The Phonatory/Laryngeal System
CHAPTER 5: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory
Disorders
CHAPTER 6: The Articulatory/Resonatory System
CHAPTER 7: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory
and Resonance Disorders
CHAPTER 8: The Auditory System
CHAPTER 9: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders
Related to Hearing Impairment
CHAPTER 10: The Nervous System
CHAPTER 11: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and
Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System
CHAPTER 12: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction xix
Chapter 1: The Nature of Sound   1
International System of Units  2
Basic Physics Concepts  3
Mass, Force, Weight, Volume, and Density  3
Speed, Velocity, Momentum, Acceleration, (and Inertia  5
Elasticity and Stiffness  5
Work, Energy, Power, and Intensity  5
Pressure  6
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure  7
Behavior of Air  7
Air Pressure  7
Airflow  8
Relationship between Air Pressure, Air Volume, and Air Density  8
The Nature of Sound  9
Why Molecules Keep Vibrating: Elasticity, Inertia, and Friction  11
Sound Propagation  13
Wave Motion of Sound  13
Longitudinal Versus Transverse Waves  13
Mass/Spring System  15
Simple Harmonic Motion  15
Frequency, Period, Wavelength, Velocity, and Amplitude  16
Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms  18
Pure Tones and Complex Sounds  21
Pure Tones  21
Complex Sounds  21
Periodic Versus Aperiodic Complex Waves  21
Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Spectra  23
Sound Absorption, Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction  24
Constructive and Destructive Interference  28
Attributes of Sounds  31
Frequency and Pitch  31
Frequency: Human Range of Hearing  32
Amplitude, Intensity, and Loudness  32
Decibel Scale  34
Logarithms and Ratios  34
Perception on the dB Scale  36
Advantages of the Decibel Scale  37
Applications of the Decibel Scale  38
Resonance  39
Acoustic Resonance  42
Tube Resonance and Standing Waves  44
Acoustic Resonators as Filters  47
Bandwidth  48
Cutoff Frequencies  49
Resonance Curves  49
Parameters of a Filter  49
Types of Filters  50 
Summary 53
Review Exercises 54
Chapter 2: The Respiratory System      55
Pulmonary Apparatus  55
Bronchial Tree  56
Chest Wall  59
Muscles of Respiration  62
Accessory Muscles of Respiration  62
Muscles of the Abdomen  62
Pleural Linkage  64
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs  66
Inhalation  66
Exhalation  67
Rate of Breathing  67
Lung Volumes and Capacities  68
Resting Expiratory Level  69
Lung Volumes  69
Tidal Volume  70
Inspiratory Reserve Volume  70
Expiratory Reserve Volume  71
Residual Volume  71
Dead Air  72
Lung Capacities  72
Vital Capacity  72
Functional Residual Capacity  72
Inspiratory Capacity  72
Total Lung Capacity  73
Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech  75
Location of Air Intake  76
Ratio of Time for Inhalation Versus (Exhalation  77
Volume of Air Inhaled and Exhaled (per Cycle  77
Muscle Activity for Exhalation  78
Chest Wall Shape  79
Breathing Patterns for Speech  80
Speech Breathing for Isolated Vowels and Connected Speech  82
Changes in Speech Breathing Over the Life Span  83
Features of Speech Breathing in Children  83
Features of Speech Breathing in Older Adults  84
Summary 86
Review Exercises 87
Chapter 3: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory
Disorders 88
Measurement of Respiratory Variables  88
Pulmonary Function Testing  89
Respiratory Kinematic Analysis  92
Air Pressures  94
Airflow  95
Classification of Respiratory Problems  96
Symptoms of Respiratory Disorders  97
Respiratory Function and Speech Production in Selected Disorders  98
Principles of Clinical Management of Speech Breathing Disorders  98
Neurological Disorders  99
Parkinson’s Disease  99
Cerebellar Disease  101
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury  102
Cerebral Palsy  103
Mechanical Ventilation  104
Voice Disorders  106
Stuttering  108
Asthma  111
Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion  113
Summary 115
Review Exercises 115
Integrative Case Studies 116
Chapter 4: The Phonatory/Laryngeal System 118
Laryngeal Skeleton  118
Bones, Cartilages, and Membranes  118
Joints of the Larynx  123
Valves within the Larynx  127
Aryepiglottic Folds  127
False Vocal Folds  127
True Vocal Folds  127
Cover–Body Model  129
Glottis  130
Muscles of the Larynx  130
Extrinsic Muscles  130
Intrinsic Muscles  131
Myoelastic–Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation  137
Models of Vocal Fold Vibration  138
Features of Vocal Fold Vibration  139
Changes in the Phonatory/Laryngeal System Over the Life Span  144
Infancy and Childhood  144
Puberty  144
Adulthood  145
Vocal Quality  147
Normal Voice Quality  148
Abnormal Voice Qualities  149
Vocal Registers  151
Physiologic and Acoustic Characteristics of Registers  152
Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking  153
Summary 154
Review Exercises 154
Chapter 5: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory
Disorders 155
Measurement of Phonatory Variables  155
Acoustic Analysis  155
Perturbation Measures  160
Noise Measures  162
Laryngeal Visualization Methods  163
Electroglottography  163
EGG and Register  167
EGG Slope Quotients  167
Techniques for Visualizing the Larynx  170
Advantages of Acoustic and Visual Analysis of Phonatory Function  174
Evaluation and Treatment of Communication Disorders Involving the Phonatory
System  176
Neurological Disorders  176
Benign Mucosal Lesions  181
Laryngeal Cancer  183
Hearing Impairment  186
Transsexual Voice  187
Stuttering  188
Summary 191
Review Exercises 192
Integrative Case Studies 192
Chapter 6: The Articulatory/Resonatory System      195
Articulators of the Vocal Tract  195
Oral Cavity  196
Lips  197
Mandible  198
Maxilla  199
Teeth  200
Hard Palate  203
Soft Palate  203
Tongue  207
Pharynx  211
Muscles of the Pharynx  212
Nasal Cavities  213
Valves of the Vocal Tract  214
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels  215
Place of Articulation of English (Consonants  215
Manner of Articulation of English (Consonants  216
Voicing  221
Vowel Classification  221
Vocal Tract Resonance  223
Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator  224
Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production  226
Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes  228
Vowel Formant Frequencies  231
F1/F2 Plots  233
Spectrographic Analysis  234
Narrowband and Wideband Spectrograms  235
Relationship Between Articulation and Spectrographic Characteristics of
Vowels and Consonants  235
Vowels  236
Diphthongs  236
Nasals  238
Glides  239
Liquids  239
Stops  240
Fricatives  244
Affricates  246
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context  246
Coarticulation  247
Speaking Rate  249
Suprasegmentals  249
Summary 253
Review Exercises 253
Chapter 7: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory
and Resonance Disorders 255
Articulation, Intelligibility, and Instrumental Measurement  255
Ultrasound  256
Electropalatography and Glossometry  257
Magnetic Resonance Imaging  258
Electromagnetic Articulography  258
Evaluation and Treatment of Communication Disorders Involving Articulation
and Resonation  260
Dysarthria/Apraxia  260
Hearing Impairment  267
Cochlear Implantation  270
Speech Sound Disorders  272
Cleft Palate  274
Stuttering  275
Resonance Problems  76
Summary 278
Review Exercises 278
Integrative Case Studies 279
Chapter 8: The Auditory System 282
Anatomy of the Ear  282
Outer Ear  282
Tympanic Membrane  284
Middle Ear  284
Inner Ear  288
Perception of Speech  293
Segmentation Problem  293
Role of Redundancy in Speech (Perception  294
Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception  294
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs  295
Formant Frequency Relationships  295
Diphthongs  297
Consonants  298
Categorical Perception  298
Multiple Acoustic Cues  299
Influence of Coarticulation  299
Perception of Consonants  300
Liquids  300
Glides  300
Nasals  300
Stops  301
Fricatives  303
Affricates  303
Summary 304
Review Exercises 304
Chapter 9: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders
Related to Hearing Impairment 305
Types of Hearing Loss  305
Diagnosis of Hearing Impairment  306
Immittance Audiometry  306
Tympanometry  307
Static-Acoustic Middle Ear Admittance  311
Acoustic Reflex Testing  311
Otoacoustic Emissions Testing  312
Auditory Brain Stem Response Testing  313
Hearing Loss and Speech Perception  314
Clinical Application  314
Phoneme Recognition in Speakers with Hearing Loss  315
Acoustic Cues Used in Phoneme (Recognition  316
Vowel Perception  316
Consonant Perception  317
Cochlear Implants  317
Clinical Application  320
Otitis Media and Speech Perception  320
Language and Reading Disability and Speech Perception  321
Temporal Processing Problems  322
Developmental Dyslexia and Speech Perception  324
Articulatory Problems and Speech Perception  324
Clinical Application  326
Summary 326
Review Exercises 327
Integrative Case Studies 327Chapter 10
Chapter 10: The Nervous System 328
Brain Tissue  329
Glial Cells  329
Neurons  330
Neuronal Function  333
Neurotransmission  333
Central and Peripheral Nervous (Systems  338
Central Nervous System  339
Functional Brain Anatomy  342
Cortex  342
Cortical Connections  344
Lobes of the Brain  345
Subcortical Areas of the Brain  350
Basal Nuclei  350
Thalamus  352
Hypothalamus  353
Brain Stem  354
Midbrain  355
Pons  355
Medulla  355
Cerebellum  356
Spinal Cord  357
Spinal Nerves  361
Cranial Nerves  362
CN V: Trigeminal  363
CN VII: Facial  365
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear  365
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal  365
CN X: Vagus  365
CN XII: Hypoglossal  367
Blood Supply to the Brain  368
Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production  369
Motor Cortex  370
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons  372
Direct and Indirect Systems  375
Motor Units  375
Principals of Motor Control  378
Role of Feedback and Feedforward in Speech Motor Control  378
Role of Sensory Information in Speech Motor Control  379
Efference Copy  379
Summary 380
Review Exercises 380
Chapter 11: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and
Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System 381
Techniques for Imaging Brain (Structure  382
Computerized Tomography  382
Magnetic Resonance Imaging  383
Techniques for Imaging Brain Function  384
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  384
Positron Emission Tomography  385
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography  385
Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials  386
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation  388
Use of Brain Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders  390
Stuttering  390
Stroke  391
Parkinson’s Disease  392
Multiple Sclerosis  393
Alzheimer’s Disease  394
Summary 395
Review Exercises 395
Integrative Case Studies 396
Chapter 12: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception 397
Models and Theories  398
Models  398
Theories  399
Issues Related to Organization and Regulation of Speech Motor Control  400
The Serial-Order Issue  400
Degrees of Freedom  401
Context-Sensitivity Problem  401
Models and Theories of Speech Production  401
Dynamic Systems Models  401
Connectionist Models  402
Spatial and Articulatory Target Models  402
Feedback and Feedforward Models  404
The DIVA Model  405
Speech Perception  406
Specialization of Speech Perception  406
Infant Perception  407
Models and Theories of Speech Perception  408
Acoustic Invariance Theory  408
Direct Realism  409
TRACE Model  409
Logogen Theory  410
Cohort Theory  410
Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception  410
Native Language Magnet Theory  411
Motor Theory  411
Summary 413
Review Exercises 414
Glossary 415
References 431
Index 459