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The study of networks has experienced a tremendousincrease of interest over the past decade. From the viewpoint of physics, much of this interest arises from the fact that networks grasp the main essence of complex systems, namely the long-range interactions between individual elements. This book demonstrates that, within the methodology of statistical physics, networks can be understood on three different descriptory levels. Firstly, it is shown that random matrix theory can be used to describe random features of networks. This also makes the acquiring of non-random properties possible, which is exemplified based on high-frequency financial data. Secondly, aiming towards the understanding ofreal-world networks (which deviate strongly from the random case) an understanding based on equilibrium statistical mechanics is proposed. It is shown that a Hamiltonian motivated from utility theory allows to describe real-world evidence accurately. Finally, a specific model of network formation is developed to describe out-of-equilibrium aspects of cooperation and network formation. The three descriptory levels are discussed under a unifying viewpoint.