Stream Restoration

Herausgegeben von Roni, Philip; Beechie, Tim

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

With $2 billion spent annually on stream restoration worldwide, there is a pressing need for guidance in this area, but until now, there was no comprehensive text on the subject. Filling that void, this unique text covers both new and existing information following a stepwise approach on theory, planning, implementation, and evaluation methods for the restoration of stream habitats. Comprehensively illustrated with case studies from around the world, Stream and Watershed Restoration provides a systematic approach to restoration programs suitable for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses on stream or watershed restoration or as a reference for restoration practitioners and fisheries scientists.

Part of the Advancing River Restoration and Management Series.

Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/roni/streamrestoration.

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Produktdetails

• Advancing River Restoration and Management .
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 320
• Erscheinungstermin: 26. Dezember 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 246mm x 189mm x 18mm
• Gewicht: 725g
• ISBN-13: 9781405199568
• ISBN-10: 1405199563
• Artikelnr.: 36519635

Autorenporträt

Dr. Philip Roni has 25 years' experience working in and conducting research on streams and watersheds in North America and Europe. He has written and edited numerous papers and books as well as regional and international reports on stream and watershed restoration. He currently directs an interdisciplinary research program of more than 20 scientists working on fisheries, watershed and estuarine ecology and restoration at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle, Washington. Dr. Tim Beechie has more than 25 years of experience working in management and research of aquatic ecosystems, focusing on understanding how watershed and riverine processes influence channel morphology and river ecosystem dynamics. His recent publications focus on diagnosis of restoration through watershed analysis and development of process-based strategies for river restoration. He currently directs a team of scientists researching the influences of watershed processes and land uses on riverine ecosystems.  

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors
xi Foreword
xiii Series Foreword
xv Preface
xvi 1 Introduction to Restoration: Key Steps for Designing Effective Programs and Projects
1 1.1 Introduction
1 1.2 What is restoration?
2 1.3 Why is restoration needed?
3 1.4 History of the environmental movement
4 1.5 History of stream and watershed restoration
5 1.6 Key steps for planning and implementing restoration
7 1.7 References
8 2 Watershed Processes
Human Impacts
and Process-based Restoration
11 2.1 Introduction
11 2.2 The hierarchical structure of watersheds and riverine ecosystems
13 2.3 The landscape template and biogeography
17 2.4 Watershed-scale processes
18 2.4.1 Runoff and stream flow
18 2.4.2 Erosion and sediment supply
20 2.4.3 Nutrients
22 2.5 Reach-scale processes
22 2.5.1 Riparian processes
22 2.5.2 Fluvial processes: Stream flow and flood storage
26 2.5.3 Fluvial processes: Sediment transport and storage
27 2.5.4 Channel and floodplain dynamics
28 2.5.5 Organic matter transport and storage
29 2.5.6 Instream biological processes
29 2.6 Common alterations to watershed processes and functions
31 2.6.1 Alteration of watershed-scale processes
31 2.6.2 Alteration of reach-scale processes
34 2.6.3 Direct manipulation of ecosystem features
35 2.7 Process-based restoration
35 2.7.1 Process-based principles for restoration
36 2.7.2 Applying the principles to restoration
37 2.8 Summary
40 2.9 References
40 3 Watershed Assessments and Identification of Restoration Needs
50 3.1 Introduction
50 3.2 The role of restoration goals in guiding watershed assessments
51 3.2.1 Stating restoration goals
52 3.2.2 Designing the watershed assessment to refl ect restoration goals and local geography
53 3.3 Assessing causes of habitat and biological degradation
56 3.3.1 Use of landscape and river classifi cation to understand the watershed template
57 3.3.2 Assessing watershed-scale (non-point) processes
61 3.3.2.1 Sediment supply: Erosion and delivery to streams
61 3.3.2.2 Hydrology: Runoff and stream fl ow
63 3.3.2.3 Nutrients and pollutants
68 3.3.3 Assessing reach-scale processes
70 3.3.3.1 Riparian processes
70 3.3.3.2 Floodplain processes
73 3.3.3.3 Fluvial processes and conditions
73 3.4 Assessing habitat alteration
79 3.4.1 Habitat type and quantity
79 3.4.2 Water quality
84 3.5 Assessing changes in biota
86 3.5.1 Single-species assessment
86 3.5.2 Multi-species assessment
89 3.6 Assessing potential effects of climate change
91 3.7 Identifying restoration opportunities
93 3.7.1 Summarize the watershed assessment results and identify restoration actions
93 3.7.2 Develop a restoration strategy
94 3.7.3 Summarize constraints on restoration opportunities
95 3.7.4 Climate change considerations
96 3.8 Case studies
96 3.8.1 Skagit River
Washington State
USA
96 3.8.2 River Eden
England
UK
100 3.9 Summary
103 3.10 References
104 4 The Human Dimensions of Stream Restoration: Working with Diverse Partners to Develop and Implement Restoration
114 4.1 Introduction
114 4.2 Setting the stage: Socio-political geography of stream restoration
116 4.2.1 Nature of the challenge
116 4.2.2 Understanding property and property rights
116 4.2.3 Landscapes of restoration
117 4.2.4 Understanding landowner/manager and agency objectives
120 4.2.5 Why understanding socio-political geography is important
121 4.3 How stream restoration becomes accepted
122 4.3.1 Restoration as innovation
123 4.3.2 Innovation diffusion through networks
123 4.3.3 Process of innovation adoption
123 4.3.4 Innovation acceptance
124 4.3.5 Why understanding innovation diffusion is important
125 4.4 Organizations and the behaviors and motivations of those who work for them
125 4.4.1 Organizational behaviors and motivations
126 4.4.1.1 Motivations of offi cials
126 4.4.1.2 Leveraging organizational behaviors
126 4.4.2 Understanding your own and other organizations
127 4.4.3 Why understanding organizational patterns is important
129 4.5 Approaches to elicit cooperation
132 4.5.1 Institutions to support stream restoration
132 4.5.2 Techniques to engage landowners
133 4.5.3 Achieving agreement with project partners
136 4.5.3.1 The Prisoner's Dilemma
136 4.5.3.2 Guidelines to build and maintain cooperation
136 4.5.4 Why understanding cooperation is important
138 4.6 Moving forward: Further reading in human dimensions of stream restoration
139 4.6.1 Collective action
139 4.6.2 Social capital and the triple bottom line
139 4.6.3 Environmental justice
140 4.6.4 Resilience
140 4.7 Summary
140 4.8 References
141 5 Selecting Appropriate Stream and Watershed Restoration Techniques
144 5.1 Introduction
144 5.1.1 Common categories of techniques
144 5.1.2 Selecting the appropriate technique: What process or habitat will be restored or improved?
146 5.2 Connectivity
147 5.2.1 Longitudinal connectivity
147 5.2.1.1 Dam removal and modifi cation
147 5.2.1.2 Culvert and stream-crossing removal
replacement or modification
149 5.2.1.3 Fish passage structures
151 5.2.2 Techniques to restore lateral connectivity and fl oodplain function
152 5.2.2.1 Levee removal or setbacks
152 5.2.2.2 Reconnecting isolated fl oodplain wetlands
sloughs
and other habitats
153 5.3 Sediment and hydrology
154 5.3.1 Reducing sediment and hydrologic impacts of roads
154 5.3.1.1 Forest and unpaved road removal and restoration
154 5.3.1.2 Road improvements
155 5.3.1.3 Reducing or eliminating impacts of paved roads and impervious surfaces
157 5.3.2 Reducing sediment and pollutants from agricultural lands
158 5.3.3 Increasing sediment supply
retention and aggrading incised channels
160 5.3.4 Increasing instream flows and fl ood pulses
160 5.4 Riparian restoration strategies
161 5.4.1 Silviculture techniques
161 5.4.1.1 Planting
161 5.4.1.2 Thinning to promote tree and vegetation growth
164 5.4.1.3 Removal of exotic and invasive species
164 5.4.2 Fencing and grazing reduction
165 5.4.3 Riparian buffers and protection
167 5.5 Habitat improvement and creation techniques
167 5.5.1 Instream habitat improvement techniques
167 5.5.1.1 Structures to create pools
riffles
and cover and improve complexity
168 5.5.1.2 Gravel addition and creation of spawning habitat
171 5.5.1.3 Recreating meanders
171 5.5.2 Creation of floodplain habitats
172 5.5.3 When are habitat improvement techniques appropriate?
173 5.6 Miscellaneous restoration techniques
173 5.6.1 Beaver restoration or control
174 5.6.2 Bank stabilization
174 5.6.3 Nutrient additions
175 5.6.4 Vegetation management
176 5.6.5 Other factors to consider when selecting restoration techniques
177 5.7 Summary
178 5.8 References
179 6 Prioritization of Watersheds and Restoration Projects
189 6.1 Introduction
189 6.2 Determine overall goals and scale
190 6.2.1 Legal frameworks
funding
and goals
192 6.2.2 Spatial and temporal scale
192 6.3 Who will prioritize projects? Selecting the team
194 6.4 Prioritization approaches and criteria
194 6.4.1 Common prioritization strategies
195 6.4.1.1 Prioritizing restoration actions by project type
195 6.4.1.2 Refugia
195 6.4.1.3 Habitat area and increase in fish or other biota
199 6.4.1.4 Capacity and life-cycle models for prioritizing habitats
199 6.4.1.5 Costs
cost-effectiveness
and cost-benefit analysis
201 6.4.1.6 Conservation planning software and computer models
203 6.4.1.7 Scoring and multi-criteria decision analysis
204 6.4.2 Selecting a prioritization approach
206 6.5 Completing analyses and examining rankings
207 6.6 Summary
210 6.7 References
210 7 Developing
Designing
and Implementing Restoration Projects
215 7.1 Introduction
215 7.2 Identify the problem
217 7.3 Assess project context
218 7.4 Define project goals and objectives
219 7.5 Investigative analysis
221 7.5.1 Investigative analyses for in-channel restoration projects
221 7.5.1.1 Maps and surveys
221 7.5.1.2 Hydrologic investigation
223 7.5.1.3 Hydraulic modeling
227 7.5.1.4 Sediment transport analysis
230 7.5.1.5 Geomorphic investigation
231 7.5.1.6 Geotechnical assessment
232 7.5.1.7 Uncertainty and risk
233 7.5.2 Investigative analyses for other restoration actions
234 7.6 Evaluate alternatives
235 7.7 Project design
236 7.7.1 Design approaches
237 7.7.2 Specify project elements that will meet project objectives
238 7.7.3 Establish design criteria for project elements that define expectations
238 7.7.4 Develop design details to meet criteria for each element
239 7.7.5 Verify that elements address project objectives
239 7.7.6 Communicating project design
239 7.7.6.1 Design reports
240 7.7.6.2 Plans and specifi cations
240 7.8 Implementation
241 7.9 Monitoring
242 7.10 Case studies
242 7.10.1 Removal of the Number 1 Dam
Chichiawan River
Taiwan
243 7.10.2 Bridge Creek riparian restoration
245 7.10.3 Fisher Slough Restoration
Skagit River
Washington
USA
245 7.11 Summary
248 7.12 References
249 8 Monitoring and Evaluation of Restoration Actions
254 8.1 Introduction
254 8.2 What is monitoring and evaluation?
255 8.3 Steps for developing an M&E program
256 8.3.1 Defining restoration goals and monitoring objectives
256 8.3.2 Defining questions
hypotheses
and spatial scale
257 8.3.2.1 Defining the spatial scale
259 8.3.3 Selecting the monitoring design
260 8.3.3.1 Treatments
controls
and references
260 8.3.3.2 Before-after and before-after control-impact designs
261 8.3.3.3 Post-treatment designs
261 8.3.3.4 Which design is most appropriate?
263 8.3.4 Parameters: Determining what to monitor
264 8.3.5 Determining how many sites or years to monitor
269 8.3.6 Sampling scheme
272 8.4 Guidelines for analyzing and summarizing data
273 8.5 Monitoring of multiple restoration actions at a watershed scale
273 8.6 Implementation: Design is not enough
274 8.7 Summary
275 8.8 References
276 9 Synthesis: Developing Comprehensive Restoration Programs
280 9.1 Introduction
280 9.2 Components of a comprehensive restoration program
280 9.2.1 Goals
assessments
and identifying restoration actions
282 9.2.2 Prioritizing restoration actions or watersheds
282 9.2.3 Selecting restoration techniques and designing restoration actions
282 9.2.4 Monitoring
283 9.2.5 Examples of bringing the components together
284 9.3 Developing proposals and evaluating projects for funding or permitting
286 9.4 Moving from opportunistic to strategic restoration
287 9.5 Conclusions
289 9.6 References
289 Index
290 See Colour plate Section between 160-161