Chapter 1. Introduction; Cristina Sin and Orlanda Tavares.- PART I. The macro level: Structural transformations in doctoral education.- Chapter 2. Rethinking doctoral education: University purposes, academic cultures, mental health and the public good; Rosemary Deem.- Chapter 3. Governmental innovation policies, globalisation and change in doctoral education worldwide: Are doctoral programmes converging? Trends and tensions; Maresi Nerad.- Chapter 4. Reforms of doctoral education in Europe and diversification of types; Barbara M. Kehm.- Chapter 5. Quality assurance of doctoral education: Current trends and future developments; Sónia Cardoso, Maria J. Rosa and Vera Miguéis.- PART II. The meso level: Institutional readjustments.- Chapter 6. From the medieval disputation to the graduate school; Alberto Amaral and Teresa Carvalho.- Chapter 7. How effective are doctoral schools? Organisational characteristics and related objectives; Lukas Baschung.- Chapter 8. Leadership and institutional change in doctoral education in a neoliberal policy context; Ruth Neumann.- PART III. The micro level: Career expectations and employability of doctoral candidates.- Chapter 9. Views on the usefulness of the PhD outside Academia: What do we know and need to know?; Lynn McAlpine.- Chapter 10. PhD students' self-perception of skills acquired during their PhD and plans for their postdoctoral careers: A joint analysis of doctoral students at three flagship universities in Asia; Hugo Horta.- Chapter 11. Diversifying the missions and expectations of doctoral education: Are we losing the distinctive 'added value' of the PhD?; Corina Balaban.- Chapter 12. Building bridges between industry and Academia: What is the profile of an industrial doctoral student?; Orlanda Tavares, Cristina Sin and Diana Soares.- Chapter 13. Conclusion: The transformations in doctoral education: A comprehensive and critical approach; Teresa Carvalho and Sónia Cardoso.