Preface x
1 The Steel Material 1
1.1 General Points about the Steel Material 1
1.1.1 Materials in Accordance with European Provisions 4
1.1.2 Materials in Accordance with United States Provisions 7
1.2 Production Processes 10
1.3 Thermal Treatments 13
1.4 Brief Historical Note 14
1.5 The Products 15
1.6 Imperfections 18
1.6.1 Mechanical Imperfections 19
1.6.2 Geometric Imperfections 22
1.7 Mechanical Tests for the Characterization of the Material 24
1.7.1 Tensile Testing 25
1.7.2 Stub Column Test 27
1.7.3 Toughness Test 29
1.7.4 Bending Test 32
1.7.5 Hardness Test 32
2 References for the Design of Steel Structures 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.1.1 European Provisions for Steel Design 35
2.1.2 United States Provisions for Steel Design 37
2.2 Brief Introduction to Random Variables 37
2.3 Measure of the Structural Reliability and Design Approaches 39
2.4 Design Approaches in Accordance with Current Standard Provisions 44
2.4.1 European Approach for Steel Design 44
2.4.2 United States Approach for Steel Design 47
3 Framed Systems and Methods of Analysis 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Classification Based on Structural Typology 51
3.3 Classification Based on Lateral Deformability 52
3.3.1 European Procedure 53
3.3.2 AISC Procedure 56
3.4 Classification Based on Beam-to-Column Joint Performance 56
3.4.1 Classification According to the European Approach 57
3.4.2 Classification According to the United States Approach 60
3.4.3 Joint Modelling 61
3.5 Geometric Imperfections 63
3.5.1 The European Approach 63
3.5.2 The United States Approach 67
3.6 The Methods of Analysis 68
3.6.1 Plasticity and Instability 69
3.6.2 Elastic Analysis with Bending Moment Redistribution 76
3.6.3 Methods of Analysis Considering Mechanical Non-Linearity 78
3.6.4 Simplified Analysis Approaches 80
3.7 Simple Frames 84
3.7.1 Bracing System Imperfections in Accordance with EU Provisions 88
3.7.2 System Imperfections in Accordance with AISC Provisions 89
3.7.3 Examples of Braced Frames 92
3.8 Worked Examples 96
4 Cross-Section Classification 107
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Classification in Accordance with European Standards 108
4.2.1 Classification for Compression or Bending Moment 110
4.2.2 Classification for Compression and Bending Moment 110
4.2.3 Effective Geometrical Properties for Class 4 Sections 115
4.3 Classification in Accordance with US Standards 118
4.4 Worked Examples 121
5 Tension Members 134
5.1 Introduction 134
5.2 Design According to the European Approach 134
5.3 Design According to the US Approach 137
5.4 Worked Examples 140
6 Members in Compression 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Strength Design 147
6.2.1 Design According to the European Approach 147
6.2.2 Design According to the US Approach 148
6.3 Stability Design 148
6.3.1 Effect of Shear on the Critical Load 155
6.3.2 Design According to the European Approach 158
6.3.3 Design According to the US Approach 162
6.4 Effective Length of Members in Frames 166
6.4.1 Design According to the EU Approach 166
6.4.2 Design According to the US Approach 169
6.5 Worked Examples 172
7 Beams 176
7.1 Introduction 176
7.1.1 Beam Deformability 176
7.1.2 Dynamic Effects 178
7.1.3 Resistance 179
7.1.4 Stability 179
7.2 European Design Approach 184
7.2.1 Serviceability Limit States 184
7.2.2 Resistance Verifications 186
7.2.3 Buckling Resistance of Uniform Members in Bending 190
7.3 Design According to the US Approach 199
7.3.1 Serviceability Limit States 199
7.3.2 Shear Strength Verification 200
7.3.3 Flexural Strength Verification 204
7.4 Design Rules for Beams 228
7.5 Worked Examples 233
8 Torsion 243
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Basic Concepts of Torsion 245
8.2.1 I- and H-Shaped Profiles with Two Axes of Symmetry 250
8.2.2 Mono-symmetrical Channel Cross-Sections 252
8.2.3 Warping Constant for Most Common Cross-Sections 255
8.3 Member Response to Mixed Torsion 258
8.4 Design in Accordance with the European Procedure 263
8.5 Design in Accordance with the AISC Procedure 265
8.5.1 Round and Rectangular HSS 266
8.5.2 Non-HSS Members (Open Sections Such as W, T, Channels, etc.) 267
9 Members Subjected to Flexure and Axial Force 268
9.1 Introduction 268
9.2 Design According to the European Approach 271
9.2.1 The Resistance Checks 271
9.2.2 The Stability Checks 274
9.2.3 The General Method 280
9.3 Design According to the US Approach 281
9.4 Worked Examples 284
10 Design for Combination of Compression, Flexure, Shear and Torsion 303
10.1 Introduction 303
10.2 Design in Accordance with the European Approach 308
10.3 Design in Accordance with the US Approach 309
10.3.1 Round and Rectangular HSS 310
10.3.2 Non-HSS Members (Open Sections Such as W, T, Channels, etc.) 310
11 Web Resistance to Transverse Forces 311
11.1 Introduction 311
11.2 Design Procedure in Accordance with European Standards 312
11.3 Design Procedure in Accordance with US Standards 316
12 Design Approaches for Frame Analysis 319
12.1 Introduction 319
12.2 The European Approach 319
12.2.1 The EC3-1 Approach 320
12.2.2 The EC3-2a Approach 321
12.2.3 The EC3-2b Approach 321
12.2.4 The EC3-3 Approach 322
12.3 AISC Approach 323
12.3.1 The Direct Analysis Method (DAM) 323
12.3.2 The Effective Length Method (ELM) 327
12.3.3 The First Order Analysis Method (FOM) 329
12.3.4 Method for Approximate Second Order Analysis 330
12.4 Comparison between the EC3 and AISC Analysis Approaches 332
12.5 Worked Example 334
13 The Mechanical Fasteners 345
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Resistance of the Bolted Connections 345
13.2.1 Connections in Shear 347
13.2.2 Connections in Tension 354
13.2.3 Connection in Shear and Tension 358
13.3 Design in Accordance with European Practice 358
13.3.1 European Practice for Fastener Assemblages 358
13.3.2 EU Structural Verifications 363
13.4 Bolted Connection Design in Accordance with the US Approach 369
13.4.1 US Practice for Fastener Assemblage 369
13.4.2 US Structural Verifications 376
13.5 Connections with Rivets 382
13.5.1 Design in Accordance with EU Practice 383
13.5.2 Design in Accordance with US Practice 383
13.6 Worked Examples 384
14 Welded Connections 395
14.1 Generalities on Welded Connections 395
14.1.1 European Specifications 397
14.1.2 US Specifications 399
14.1.3 Classification of Welded Joints 400
14.2 Defects and Potential Problems in Welds 401
14.3 Stresses in Welded Joints 403
14.3.1 Tension 404
14.3.2 Shear and Flexure 406
14.3.3 Shear and Torsion 408
14.4 Design of Welded Joints 411
14.4.1 Design According to the European Approach 411
14.4.2 Design According to the US Practice 414
14.5 Joints with Mixed Typologies 420
14.6 Worked Examples 420
15 Connections 424
15.1 Introduction 424
15.2 Articulated Connections 425
15.2.1 Pinned Connections 426
15.2.2 Articulated Bearing Connections 427
15.3 Splices 429
15.3.1 Beam Splices 430
15.3.2 Column Splices 431
15.4 End Joints 434
15.4.1 Beam-to-Column Connections 434
15.4.2 Beam-to-Beam Connections 434
15.4.3 Bracing Connections 437
15.4.4 Column Bases 438
15.4.5 Beam-to-Concrete Wall Connection 441
15.5 Joint Modelling 444
15.5.1 Simple Connections 450
15.5.2 Rigid Joints 454
15.5.3 Semi-Rigid Joints 458
15.6 Joint Standardization 462
16 Built-Up Compression Members 466
16.1 Introduction 466
16.2 Behaviour of Compound Struts 466
16.2.1 Laced Compound Struts 471
16.2.2 Battened Compound Struts 473
16.3 Design in Accordance with the European Approach 475
16.3.1 Laced Compression Members 477
16.3.2 Battened Compression Members 477
16.3.3 Closely Spaced Built-Up Members 478
16.4 Design in Accordance with the US Approach 480
16.5 Worked Examples 482
Appendix A: Conversion Factors 491
Appendix B: References and Standards 492
Index 502
