Superatoms

Superatoms

Principles, Synthesis and Applications
Herausgegeben:Jena, Puru; Sun, Qiang

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Explore the theory and applications of superatomic clusters and cluster assembled materials

Superatoms: Principles, Synthesis and Applications delivers an insightful and exciting exploration of an emerging subfield in cluster science, superatomic clusters and cluster assembled materials. The book presents discussions of the fundamentals of superatom chemistry and their application in catalysis, energy, materials science, and biomedical sciences.

Readers will discover the foundational significance of superatoms in science and technology and learn how they can serve as the building blocks of tailored materials, promising to usher in a new era in materials science. The book covers topics as varied as the thermal and thermoelectric properties of cluster-based materials and clusters for CO2 activation and conversion, before concluding with an incisive discussion of trends and directions likely to dominate the subject of superatoms in the coming years.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
_ A thorough introduction to the rational design of superatoms using electron-counting rules
_ Explorations of superhalogens, endohedrally doped superatoms and assemblies, and magnetic superatoms
_ A practical discussion of atomically precise synthesis of chemically modified superatoms
_ A concise treatment of superatoms as the building blocks of 2D materials, as well as superatom-based ferroelectrics and cluster-based materials for energy harvesting and storage

Perfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in cluster science, energy materials, thermoelectrics, 2D materials, and CO2 conversion, Superatoms: Principles, Synthesis and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of interested professionals in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanoscience.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley / Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119619520
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Dezember 2021
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 246mm x 168mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 884g
• ISBN-13: 9781119619529
• ISBN-10: 1119619521
• Artikelnr.: 61330671

Autorenporträt

Purusottam (Puru) Jena is Distinguished Professor of Physics at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA. He originated the idea of superatoms and co-authored the first paper in the field in 1992. He has since published numerous papers and review articles on superatom clusters as materials building blocks. He has worked extensively on superhalogens and superalkalis. Qiang Sun is Professor at Peking University, China and Visiting Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA. His research focus is on nanostructure physics, including 2D materials and clusters, and the physics of energy materials.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi

List of Contributors xiii

1 Introduction 1
Puru Jena and Qiang Sun

References 7

2 Rational Design of Superatoms Using Electron-Counting Rules 15
Puru Jena, Hong Fang, and Qiang Sun

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Electron-Counting Rules 17

2.2.1 Jellium Rule 17

2.2.2 Octet Rule 24

2.2.2.1 Superalkalis and Superhalogens 25

2.2.2.2 Superchalcogens 27

2.2.3 18-Electron Rule 29

2.2.4 32-Electron Rule 30

2.2.5 Aromaticity Rule 31

2.2.6 Wade-Mingos Rule 34

2.3 Stabilizing Negative Ions Using Multiple Electron-Counting Rules 37

2.3.1 Monoanions 37

2.3.2 Dianions 41

2.3.3 Trianions 43

2.3.4 Tetra-Anions and Beyond 44

2.4 Conclusions 46

References 46

3 Superhalogens - Enormously Strong Electron Acceptors 53
Piotr Skurski

3.1 Superhalogen Concept 53

3.1.1 Early Studies 53

3.1.2 Further Research (until 1999) 55

3.1.3 First Measurement of Gas-Phase Experimental Electron Detachment Energies 57

3.1.4 The Performance of Theoretical Treatments in Estimating VDEs 58

3.2 Alternative Superhalogens 61

3.2.1 Nonmetal Central Atoms 62

3.2.2 Nonhalogen Ligands 63

3.2.3 Beyond the MXk+1 Formula 66

3.2.4 Superhalogens as Ligands 68

3.3 Polynuclear Systems and the Search for EA and VDE Limits 70

3.3.1 Polynuclear Superhalogens 71

3.3.2 Search for EA and VDE Limits 74

3.3.3 Magnetic Superhalogens 76

3.4 Superhalogens' Applications at a Glance 77

3.5 Final Remarks 78

Acknowledgements 79

References 79

4 Endohedrally Doped Superatoms and Assemblies 85
Vijay Kumar

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Magic Clusters and Their Electronic Stability 88

4.3 Discovery of Silicon Fullerenes and Other Polyhedral Forms 89

4.4 Endohedral Superatoms of Ge, Sn, and Pb 97

4.5 Magnetic Superatoms 101

4.6 Endohedral Clusters of Group 11 Elements 101

4.7 Endohedral Clusters of B, Al, and Ga 104

4.8 Hydrogenated Silicon Fullerenes 107

4.9 Compound Superatoms and Other Systems 108

4.10 Assemblies of Superatoms 110

4.11 Concluding Remarks 117

Acknowledgements 117

References 118

5 Magnetic Superatoms 129
Nicola Gaston

5.1 Introduction 129

5.2 The Arrival of the Magnetic Superatom 130

5.3 Tunable Superatoms 133

5.4 The Delocalisation of d-electrons 134

5.5 Prospects for Nanostructured Magnetic Material Design 137

References 138

6 Atomically Precise Synthesis of Chemically Modified Superatoms 141
Shinjiro Takano and Tatsuya Tsukuda

6.1 Introduction 141

6.1.1 The Concept of Superatoms 141

6.1.2 Chemically Modified Au/Ag Superatoms 142

6.2 Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms 147

6.2.1 Size Effects 147

6.2.2 Composition Effects 151

6.2.3 Shape Effects 153

6.3 Atomically Precise Synthesis of Chemically Modified Superatoms 160

6.3.1 Size Control 160

6.3.1.1 Top-down Approach: Size Focusing 161

6.3.1.2 Bottom-up Approach: Size Convergence 163

6.3.1.3 Template Method 168

6.3.1.4 Kinetic Control 168

6.3.2 Composition Control 169

6.3.2.1 Co-reduction Method 169

6.3.2.2 Antigalvanic Method 170

6.3.2.3 Hydride-Mediated Transformation 172

6.3.