In the late 1960's I summarized the literature on tardive dyskinesia and found about forty-five papers on this disorder; when I reviewed this topic 4 years later there were fifty additional communications. It was hardly an impressive number ofreports and certainly small by comparison to the prolific output of psychopharmacologists in other areas. Yet there was sufficient information to be concerned about this new and unexpected complication. The majority of psychiatrists either ignored the existence of the problem or made futile efforts to prove that these motor abnormalities were clinically…mehr
In the late 1960's I summarized the literature on tardive dyskinesia and found about forty-five papers on this disorder; when I reviewed this topic 4 years later there were fifty additional communications. It was hardly an impressive number ofreports and certainly small by comparison to the prolific output of psychopharmacologists in other areas. Yet there was sufficient information to be concerned about this new and unexpected complication. The majority of psychiatrists either ignored the existence of the problem or made futile efforts to prove that these motor abnormalities were clinically insignific ant or unrelated to drug therapy. In the meantime the number of patients affected by tardive dyskinesia increased and the symptoms became worse in those already afflicted by this condition. In the last 5 years papers on long-term neurologic side effects have become so numerous that one seldom finds an issue of a major psychiatric journal that does not contain at least one communi cation on tardive dyskinesia. Furthermore, many scientific meetings, national and international, have devoted symposia and workshops to this topic in recent years. There are several reasons why the profession has become so interested in the neurologic effects of neuroleptics. First, there are few investigators or clini cians who still have doubts about the iatrogenic nature of tardive dyskinesia. Second, the number of patients exhibiting motor abnormalities is increasing alarmingly, due to the cumulative effects of neuroleptics.
I-Basic Studies: Animal Models of Dyskinesia and Pharmacology of Chronic Neuroleptic Drugs.- Models in Monkeys.- 1. A Primate Model for Tardive Dyskinesia.- 2. Biochemical Studies after Chronic Administration of Neuroleptics to Monkeys.- 3. "Tardive Dyskinesia" Resulting from Chronic Narcotic Treatment.- Models in Rats and Mice-General.- 4. On the Supersensitivity of DA-Receptors After Single and Repeated Administration of Neuroleptics.- 5. Alterations in Neuropharmarcology of Apomorphine by Chronic Treatment with Haloperidol.- 6. Behavioral and Biochemical Effects of Chronic Neuroleptic Drugs: Interaction with Age.- 7. Anatomical and Metabolic Changes after Long and Short-Term Treatment with Perphenazine in Rats.- 8. Modification of Dopamine-Acetylcholine Balance by Long-Term Neuroleptic Treatment.- 9. Striatal Dopaminergic Activity During Withdrawal from Chronic Neuroleptic Treatment in Rats.- Receptor Binding Studies.- 10. Effects of Long-Term Neuroleptic Treatment of Neurotransmitter Receptors: Relation to Tardive Dyskinesia.- 11. Chronic Neuroleptic Treatment and Dopamine Receptor Binding: Relevance to Tardive Dyskinesia.- 12. Receptor-Cell Sensitivity Modification (RSM) as a Model for Pathogenesis and Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 13. Biochemical and Behavioral Studies of Neuroleptic-Induced Dopamine Hypersensitivity.- Trace Metals-In Pathophysiology and Treatment.- 14. Regional Brain Manganese Levels in an Animal Model of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 15. The Effect of Lithium on Haloperidol-Induced Supersensitivity to D-Amphetamine and Apomorphine.- 16. Modulation of Chlorpromazine Toxicity in Mice by Cesium Chloride: Implication for Research in Tardive Dyskinesia.- Overview and Critique of Pathophysiologic Hypotheses.- 17. The Pathophysiologic Basis ofTardive Dyskinesia.- II-Studies in Man and Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.- Clinical Phenomenology and Measurement.- 18. A Classification of the Neurologic Effects of Neuroleptic Drugs.- 19. Dyskinetic and Neurological Complications in Children Treated with Psychotropic Medication.- 20. Problems in the Assessment of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 21. Tardive Dyskinesia and Parkinsonism.- 22. Methodological Approach to the Measurement of Tardive Dyskinesia: Piezoelectric Recording and Concurrent Validity Test of Five Clinical Rating Scales.- 23. Tardive Dyskinesia Scales in Current use.- 1-Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scales (AIMS).- 2-Smith Tardive Dyskinesia Scale.- 3-Simpson Tardive Dyskinesia Scale.- 4-Gerlach Dyskinesia Rating Scale.- Epidemiology.- 24. The Prevalence of Tardive Dyskinesia.- Drug History and Other Factors Related to Etiology.- 25. Drug History and Other Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 26. Drug Variables in the Etiology of Tardive Dyskinesia: Application of Discriminant Function Analysis.- 27. Past History of Drug and Somatic Treatments in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 28. History of Neuroleptic Drugs and Tardive Dyskinesia.- 29. Depot Fluphenazine and Tardive Dyskinesia in an Out-patient Population.- 30. Dystonic and Dyskinetic Reactions Induced by H1 Antihistaminic Medication.- Experimental Studies of Pathophysiology in Man.- 31. Behavioral Effects of Apomorphine and Amphetamine in Tardive Dyskinesia Patients.- 32. Neuroendocrine Effects of Dopamine Agonists in Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia.- 33. Pathophysiological Aspects of Reversible and Irreversible Tardive Dyskinesia.- 34. Neuromuscular Pathophysiology in Tardive Dyskinesia.- Cholinergic Drugs and Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatmentof Tardive Dyskinesia.- 35. Status of Deanol as a Cholinergic Precursor-Experimental Evidence and Clinical Uses in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 36. Cholinergic Aspects of Tardive Dyskinesia: Human and Animal Studies.- 37. Effects of Choline-Containing Compounds on Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Movement Disorders.- 38. The Effects of Cholinergic Drugs on the Involuntary Movements of Tardive Dyskinesia.- Other Drug Treatment Approaches in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 39. Drug Trials in Persistent Dyskinesia.- 40. Tardive Dyskinesia: Controlled Studies of Several Therapeutic Agents.- 41. Clinical Application of Receptor Modification Treatment.- 42. Clozapine in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: An Interim Report.- 43. Clozapine and Tardive Dyskinesia.- 44. Effect of Haloperidol, Haloperidol + Biperiden, Thioridazine, Clozapine, Alpha-Methyl-p-Tyrosine and Baclofen on Tardive Dyskinesia.- 45. Combination Treatment of Choreiform and Dyskinetic Syndromes with Tetrabenazine and Pimozide.- Therapy with Neuroleptics and Tardive Dyskinesia.- 46. Maintenance Antipsychotic Therapy and the Risks of Tardive Dyskinesia.
I-Basic Studies: Animal Models of Dyskinesia and Pharmacology of Chronic Neuroleptic Drugs.- Models in Monkeys.- 1. A Primate Model for Tardive Dyskinesia.- 2. Biochemical Studies after Chronic Administration of Neuroleptics to Monkeys.- 3. "Tardive Dyskinesia" Resulting from Chronic Narcotic Treatment.- Models in Rats and Mice-General.- 4. On the Supersensitivity of DA-Receptors After Single and Repeated Administration of Neuroleptics.- 5. Alterations in Neuropharmarcology of Apomorphine by Chronic Treatment with Haloperidol.- 6. Behavioral and Biochemical Effects of Chronic Neuroleptic Drugs: Interaction with Age.- 7. Anatomical and Metabolic Changes after Long and Short-Term Treatment with Perphenazine in Rats.- 8. Modification of Dopamine-Acetylcholine Balance by Long-Term Neuroleptic Treatment.- 9. Striatal Dopaminergic Activity During Withdrawal from Chronic Neuroleptic Treatment in Rats.- Receptor Binding Studies.- 10. Effects of Long-Term Neuroleptic Treatment of Neurotransmitter Receptors: Relation to Tardive Dyskinesia.- 11. Chronic Neuroleptic Treatment and Dopamine Receptor Binding: Relevance to Tardive Dyskinesia.- 12. Receptor-Cell Sensitivity Modification (RSM) as a Model for Pathogenesis and Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 13. Biochemical and Behavioral Studies of Neuroleptic-Induced Dopamine Hypersensitivity.- Trace Metals-In Pathophysiology and Treatment.- 14. Regional Brain Manganese Levels in an Animal Model of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 15. The Effect of Lithium on Haloperidol-Induced Supersensitivity to D-Amphetamine and Apomorphine.- 16. Modulation of Chlorpromazine Toxicity in Mice by Cesium Chloride: Implication for Research in Tardive Dyskinesia.- Overview and Critique of Pathophysiologic Hypotheses.- 17. The Pathophysiologic Basis ofTardive Dyskinesia.- II-Studies in Man and Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.- Clinical Phenomenology and Measurement.- 18. A Classification of the Neurologic Effects of Neuroleptic Drugs.- 19. Dyskinetic and Neurological Complications in Children Treated with Psychotropic Medication.- 20. Problems in the Assessment of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 21. Tardive Dyskinesia and Parkinsonism.- 22. Methodological Approach to the Measurement of Tardive Dyskinesia: Piezoelectric Recording and Concurrent Validity Test of Five Clinical Rating Scales.- 23. Tardive Dyskinesia Scales in Current use.- 1-Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scales (AIMS).- 2-Smith Tardive Dyskinesia Scale.- 3-Simpson Tardive Dyskinesia Scale.- 4-Gerlach Dyskinesia Rating Scale.- Epidemiology.- 24. The Prevalence of Tardive Dyskinesia.- Drug History and Other Factors Related to Etiology.- 25. Drug History and Other Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Tardive Dyskinesia.- 26. Drug Variables in the Etiology of Tardive Dyskinesia: Application of Discriminant Function Analysis.- 27. Past History of Drug and Somatic Treatments in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 28. History of Neuroleptic Drugs and Tardive Dyskinesia.- 29. Depot Fluphenazine and Tardive Dyskinesia in an Out-patient Population.- 30. Dystonic and Dyskinetic Reactions Induced by H1 Antihistaminic Medication.- Experimental Studies of Pathophysiology in Man.- 31. Behavioral Effects of Apomorphine and Amphetamine in Tardive Dyskinesia Patients.- 32. Neuroendocrine Effects of Dopamine Agonists in Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia.- 33. Pathophysiological Aspects of Reversible and Irreversible Tardive Dyskinesia.- 34. Neuromuscular Pathophysiology in Tardive Dyskinesia.- Cholinergic Drugs and Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatmentof Tardive Dyskinesia.- 35. Status of Deanol as a Cholinergic Precursor-Experimental Evidence and Clinical Uses in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 36. Cholinergic Aspects of Tardive Dyskinesia: Human and Animal Studies.- 37. Effects of Choline-Containing Compounds on Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Movement Disorders.- 38. The Effects of Cholinergic Drugs on the Involuntary Movements of Tardive Dyskinesia.- Other Drug Treatment Approaches in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 39. Drug Trials in Persistent Dyskinesia.- 40. Tardive Dyskinesia: Controlled Studies of Several Therapeutic Agents.- 41. Clinical Application of Receptor Modification Treatment.- 42. Clozapine in the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: An Interim Report.- 43. Clozapine and Tardive Dyskinesia.- 44. Effect of Haloperidol, Haloperidol + Biperiden, Thioridazine, Clozapine, Alpha-Methyl-p-Tyrosine and Baclofen on Tardive Dyskinesia.- 45. Combination Treatment of Choreiform and Dyskinetic Syndromes with Tetrabenazine and Pimozide.- Therapy with Neuroleptics and Tardive Dyskinesia.- 46. Maintenance Antipsychotic Therapy and the Risks of Tardive Dyskinesia.
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