Tom Morrison

The American Steam Locomotive in the Twentieth Century

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Between 1900 and 1950, Americans built the most powerful steam locomotives of all time - enormous engines that powered a colossal industry. Drawing on the work of engineers and railroad managers of the day, this lavishly illustrated history chronicles the challenges, triumphs and failures of American steam locomotive development and operation.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: McFarland & Co Inc
• Seitenzahl: 636
• Erscheinungstermin: 30. März 2019
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 216mm x 276mm x 32mm
• Gewicht: 1486g
• ISBN-13: 9781476679006
• ISBN-10: 1476679002
• Artikelnr.: 54841048

Autorenporträt

Mining engineer Tom Morrison has written technical histories on mining and aviation. He lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Inhaltsangabe

Table of Contents Preface
1 Introduction
3 Part One: Background to Locomotive Development Chapter 1. The American Railroad Industry
12 1.1 Political and Economic Environment
12 1.1.1 Early Years of the Industry
12 1.1.2 Depression and New Expansion
13 1.1.3 The New Political Climate
16 1.1.4 War and Government Administration
21 1.1.5 The 1920s
22 1.1.6 The Depression Years
24 1.1.7 War and Aftermath
27 1.2 Size and Extent of the Railroad and Locomotive Building Industries
28 1.2.1 The Railroad Industry
28 1.2.2 Locomotive Building
31 1.3 Railroad Engineering
35 1.3.1 Management Science and the Ton-Mile Statistic
35 1.3.2 Locomotive and Train Operating Costs
35 1.3.3 The Trend to Bigger Equipment
37 1.3.4 The Trend to Higher Speeds
39 1.3.5 Track and Substructures
41 1.3.6 Signaling Systems
42 1.3.7 Integrated Improvement Programs
43 1.3.8 Maintenance and Availability
48 1.3.9 Working Conditions
52 1.3.10 Safety
55 1.3.11 The Motive Power Dilemma and the End of Steam
58 Part Two: Compounds and Mastodons, 1895-1905 Chapter 2. General Steam Locomotive Development, 1895-1905
64 Chapter 3. Locomotive Engineering, 1895-1905
76 3.1 Fuels, Firing and Fuel Economy
76 3.1.1 Coal
76 3.1.2 Oil
76 3.1.3 Coal Firing
77 3.1.4 Mechanical Stokers
79 3.1.5 Firing Rates
80 3.1.6 Fuel Economy
80 3.2 Fireboxes and Combustion
82 3.2.1 Fireboxes
82 3.2.2 The Vanderbilt Boiler
86 3.2.3 Water-Tube Boilers
87 3.2.4 Grates
87 3.2.5 Brick Arches
88 3.2.6 Crownsheet Failures and Boiler Explosions
90 3.3. Boilers and Steam Generation
92 3.3.1 Boilers
92 3.3.2 Water Quality
93 3.3.3 Steam Generation
93 3.3.4 Water Gauge Glasses
95 3.3.5 Injectors
96 3.3.6 Feed Water Heaters
96 3.3.7 Superheating
97 3.4 Smokeboxes and Drafting
99 3.5 Cylinder Arrangements and Compounding
103 3.5.1 Cylinder Arrangements
103 3.5.2 Compounding
104 3.5.2.1 Early Compound Locomotives
105 3.5.2.2 Compounds in Americä
106 3.5.2.3 Road Tests, Performance and Service Results
109 3.5.2.4 Reappearance of the Tandem Compound
111 3.5.2.5 The Four-Cylinder Balanced Compound
111 3.5.2.6 The Mallet Four-Cylinder Articulated Compound
113 3.6 Valves and Valve Gear
113 3.6.1 Valves
113 3.6.1.1 Slide Valves
113 3.6.1.2 Piston Valves
116 3.6.2 Valve Gear
117 3.7 Frames and Running Gear
118 3.7.1 Frames
118 3.7.2 Accommodation to Curvature
119 3.7.3 Suspension
120 3.7.4 Counterbalancing
122 3.7.5 Internal Friction
124 3.7.6 Brakes
124 3.8 Performance Testing and Design
124 3.8.1 Road Tests
125 3.8.2 Static Test Plants
127 3.8.3 Tonnage Rating
128 3.8.4 Design
130 Chapter 4. Locomotive Construction, 1895-1905
133 4.1 Development of the 4-4-0
133 4.2 Fast Passenger Locomotives
136 4.2.1 The Last 4-2-2s
136 4.2.2 The Abortive Columbia Wheel Arrangement
136 4.2.3 Pursuit of High Power at High Speed: The First Atlantics
137 4.2.4 Heavy Passenger Power: The First Pacifics
144 4.3 Six-Coupled, Multi-Purpose Locomotives
148 4.3.1 Multi-Purpose Ten-Wheelers
148 4.3.2 Mogul Freight Locomotives
152 4.3.3 Further Pursuit of High Power at High Speed: The First Prairies
154 4.4 Heavy Freight Locomotives
157 4.4.1 Consolidations
158 4.4.2 Mastodons
168 4.4.3 The First Mikados
170 4.4.4 Decapods and the First Santa Fes
173 4.5 Switchers, Suburbans, Geared and Special-Purpose Locomotives
174 4.5.1 Switchers
174 4.5.2 Suburban Locomotives
176 4.5.3 Geared Locomotives
177 4.5.4 Other Unconventional Locomotives
182 Chapter 5.
Traction Other Than Steam, 1895-1905
186 5.1 Electric Traction
186 5.2 Internal Combustion Traction
188 Part Three: Transformation, 1905-1920 Chapter 6.
General Steam Locomotive Development, 1905-1920
190 Chapter 7.
Locomotive Engineering, 1905-1920
200 7.1 Fuels, Firing and Fuel Economy
200 7.1.1 Coal
200 7.1.2 Oil
201 7.1.3 Coal Firing
202 7.1.4 Mechanical Stokers
203 7.1.5 Fuel Economy
211 7.2. Fireboxes and Combustion
212 7.2.1 Combustion
212 7.2.2 Ash Pans
214 7.2.3 Brick Arches
214 7.2.4 Combustion Chambers
216 7.2.5 Thermic Siphons
217 7.2.6 Problems of the Staybolted Firebox
218 7.2.7 The Wood Corrugated Firebox
219 7.2.8 The Jacobs-Shupert Firebox
219 7.2.9 Water-Tube Fireboxes
220 7.2.10 Boiler Explosions
221 7.3 Boilers and Steam Generation
223 7.3.1 Boiler Pressures
223 7.3.2 Water Circulation
223 7.3.3 Boiler Washing and Water Treatment
224 7.3.4 Superheat
226 7.3.5 Feed Water Heaters
232 7.4 Cylinder Arrangements, Valves and Valve Gear
233 7.4.1 Compounding
233 7.4.2 The End of Compounding in Americä
235 7.4.3 Valves and Valve Gears
237 7.4.4 Power Reversers
240 7.5 Front Ends
242 7.6 Frames and Running Gear
244 7.6.1 Frames
244 7.6.2 Counterbalancing
245 7.7 Performance and Performance Testing
246 7.7.1 Performance Testing
246 7.7.1.1 Static Test Plants
246 7.7.1.2 Development Work on the Pennsylvania Test Plant
246 7.7.2 Performance Calculations
251 7.7.2.1 Locomotive Performance
251 7.7.2.2 Train Resistance
252 Chapter 8.
Locomotive Construction, 1905-1920
254 8.1 Passenger Locomotives
255 8.1.1 Obsolescent Types: 4-4-0s, 4-6-0s, 2-6-0s and 2-6-2s
255 8.1.2 Heyday of the Atlantics
260 8.1.3 The 4-4-4
263 8.1.4 Growth of the Pacifics
264 8.1.5 The First Mountains
278 8.2 Rigid-Frame Freight Locomotives
282 8.2.1 The Consolidation Becomes Obsolete
282 8.2.2 Reign of the Mikados
287 8.2.3 Decapods
295 8.2.4 Heyday of the Santa Fe
296 8.3 Mallets
303 8.4 Switchers
335 Chapter 9.
Traction Other Than Steam, 1905-1920
340 9.1 Electric Traction
340 9.2 Internal Combustion Traction
342 Part Four: Superpower, 1920-1930 Chapter 10.
General Steam Locomotive Development, 1920-1930
346 Chapter 11.
Locomotive Engineering, 1920-1930
359 11.1 Fuels, Firing and Fuel Economy
359 11.1.1 Coal
359 11.1.2 Oil
359 11.1.3 Firebox and Grate Design
360 11.1.4 Power Stokers
361 11.1.5 Fuel Efficiency
363 11.2 Boilers and Steam Generation
364 11.2.1 Steam Generation
364 11.2.2 Pressures in Fire-Tube Boilers
365 11.2.3 Water-Tube Boilers
366 11.2.4 Feed Water Heaters
371 11.2.5 Exhaust Steam Injectors
374 11.2.6 Boiler Washing and Water Quality
374 11.2.7 Water Gauges
375 11.2.8 Boiler Explosions
376 11.3 Cylinders and Valve Gear
378 11.3.1 Three-Cylinder Locomotives
378 11.3.2 Compounding
383 11.3.3 Boosters
384 11.3.4 Cut-off Control
385 11.3.4.1 Limited Cut-off
385 11.3.4.2 Cut-off Instrumentation
385 11.3.4.3 Automatic Cut-off Control
386 11.4 Front Ends
387 11.4.1 Improved Exhaust-Blast Drafting
387 11.4.2 Fan Drafting
389 11.5 Frames and Running Gear
389 11.5.1 Counterbalancing
389 11.5.2 Frames
390 11.5.3 Trucks
391 11.5.4 Tandem Side Rods
392 Chapter 12.
Locomotive Construction, 1920-1930
394 12.1 Passenger Locomotives
394 12.1.1 The Last Ten-Wheelers
394 12.1.2 Twilight of the Pacifics
395 12.1.3 The Mountains Hold On
400 12.1.4 The First Hudsons
405 12.1.5 The 4-8-4: The Ultimate Multi-Purpose Locomotive
406 12.2 Freight Locomotives
410 12.2.1 Last of the Consolidations and Decapods
410 12.2.2 End of the Line for the Santa Fes
411 12.2.3 The Union Pacific Type
412 12.2.4 Mighty Mikados
415 12.2.5 Superpower: The Berkshires
418 12.2.6 Superpower: The Texas Type
421 12.2.7 Coming of the Simple Mallets
424 12.3 Switchers
429 Chapter 13.
Traction Other Than Steam, 1920-1930
432 13.1 Electric Traction
432 13.2 Internal Combustion Traction
433 Part Five: Finest and Final, 1930-1950 Chapter 14.
General Steam Locomotive Development, 1930-1950
438 Chapter 15.
Locomotive Engineering, 1930-1950
454 15.1 Fuels, Combustion, Firing and Fuel Economy
454 15.1.1 Fuels
454 15.1.2 Fireboxes and Combustion
454 15.1.3 Power Stokers
456 15.1.4 Fuel Economy
457 15.2 Boilers and Steam Generation
457 15.2.1 Boiler Pressures in Fire-Tube Boilers
457 15.2.2 Water-Tube Boilers
459 15.2.3 Boiler Maintenance and Water Quality
462 15.2.4 Superheat
463 15.2.5 Injectors and Feed Water Heaters
464 15.2.6 Welded Boilers
464 15.2.7 Boiler Explosions
465 15.3 Steam Application, Valves and Valve Gear
467 15.3.1 Reversing Gear
467 15.3.2 Boosters
467 15.3.3 Poppet Valves
467 15.3.4 Steam-Turbine Locomotives
469 15.3.5 Duplex Drive
473 15.3.6 High-Pressure Reciprocating Engines
474 15.4 Front Ends
474 15.5 Frames and Running Gear
478 15.5.1 Engine Beds
478 15.5.2 Roller Bearings
478 15.5.3 Disc Driving Wheels
480 15.5.4 Tenders
481 15.5.5 Counterbalancing and Effects on Track
481 15.5.6 Streamlining and Decoration
484 Chapter 16.
Locomotive Construction, 1930-1950
491 16.1 Multi-Purpose 4-8-4s
493 16.2 Passenger Locomotives
504 16.2.1 Last of the Pacifics
504 16.2.2 Triumph of the Hudsons
506 16.2.3 The Last Mountains
509 16.2.4 Oddities
511 16.2.5 Duplex Drive Locomotives
513 16.3 Freight Locomotives
515 16.3.1 Eight-Coupled Locomotives
515 16.3.2 Ten-Coupled Locomotives
517 16.3.3 Mallets
523 16.3.4 Duplex Drive Locomotives
538 16.4 Switchers
540 Chapter 17.
Traction Other Than Steam, 1930-1950
543 17.1 Internal Combustion Traction
543 17.2 Gas-Turbine Locomotives
550 17.3 Electric Traction
552 Conclusion
553 Appendix A: Thermodynamics and Dimensions
555 Appendix B: Railroad Gazette/Railroad Age Gazette/Railway Age Locomotive Type Articles
558 Appendix C: The Cole Ratios
571 Chapter Notes
574 Bibliography
610 Index
612