For 200 years, industry mastered iron, fire, strength and energy. Today, electronics shapes our everyday objects, integrating chips: computers, phones, keys, games, household appliances, etc. Data, software and calculation frame the conduct of humankind, and everything is translated into data. The first volume in this series analyzes the stakes of the massive data which accumulate on the Internet, keeping track of our actions and gestures, the state of the world and our knowledge.
For 200 years, industry mastered iron, fire, strength and energy. Today, electronics shapes our everyday objects, integrating chips: computers, phones, keys, games, household appliances, etc. Data, software and calculation frame the conduct of humankind, and everything is translated into data. The first volume in this series analyzes the stakes of the massive data which accumulate on the Internet, keeping track of our actions and gestures, the state of the world and our knowledge.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Jean-Pierre Chamoux, University of Paris-Descartes, France.
Inhaltsangabe
Note to Reader ix Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Preface xi Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Introduction xvii Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Part 1 What's New and Why? 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1 Digital Omnipresence: Its Causes and Consequences 5 Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX From analog to digital 7 Computerization, prior to the digital revolution 8 The Internet, a real breakthrough factor 9 Importance of competition 11 Highly regulated communication infrastructure and services 14 Changes in European markets 18 From crisis to American rebound 20 Telephone and Internet companies 22 Summary 23 Bibliography 27 Appendix The 2000 crisis: lessons and industrial consequences 28 Chapter 2 Mathematical Culture and Massive Data 35 Jean DHOMBRES The Turing machine, the inspiration for massive data? 39 What does "calculable" mean? 42 From natural to mathematics 46 An ancient algorithm and its programming: gcd 48 Styles of mathematization 51 Mathematics, algorithms and measures of complexity 55 Representations of communities and massive data 58 Constraints of mathematization 62 The notion of the invariant: perspective,vectorial, linear algebra and matrix representation 66 Graphs, their calculations and some algorithms 69 Conclusion 72 Bibliography 74 Chapter 3 From Sample to Big Data: Competing or Complementary Paradigms? 77 Philippe TASSI Sampling and big data: useful synergy 79 Is this an ephemeral or sustainable phenomenon 84 How can data confidentiality be guaranteed? 89 Protecting personal data 95 How to conclude? 101 Bibliography 102 Chapter 4 Researching Forms and Correlations:the Big Data Approach 105 Gilles SANTINI Deconstruction and accumulation of data 107 Massive databases 107 Playing games with the devil? 109 A case study 110 The protection of privacy 112 Automatic processing 113 Conclusion 113 Bibliography 114 Chapter 5 Bitcoin: an Innovative System 115 Gérard DRÉAN Bitcoin and bitcoin: some key concepts 117 The Bitcoin system 118 The transactions register 121 Overview 124 Reliability and safety 125 Software changes 127 Fraud and control takeover 128 Evolution of Bitcoin and peer-to-peer payment 129 In summary 131 Bibliography 131 Part 2 Tactics and Strategies 133 Introduction to Part 2 135 Chapter 6 Bitcoin and Other Cyber-currency 137 Gérard DRÉAN Introduction 139 Bitcoin, the first cyber-currency 139 New tools of exchange 143 The problem of growth 144 Towards a refoundation? 146 Cyberspace and sovereign currencies 151 Competition between payment systems 153 Competition between units of account 156 Conclusion 159 Bibliography 161 Chapter 7 Health and Care: Digital Challenges 163 Isabelle HILALI What are we talking about? 165 Major changes for physicians 165 What about the patients? 168 New challenges for medication 168 Hospitals, clinics and nursing homes 171 Will we be able to insure health tomorrow? 172 The challenges of digital healthcare 174 Conclusion 178 Bibliography 180 Chapter 8 Access to Health Data:Debates and Controversies in France 183 Joumana BOUSTANY, Gabriella SALZANO and Christian BOURRET Methodology 185 Literature review 186 Information systems in France 188 Restricted and controlled access systems 190 Restricted access systems 193 Open information systems 194 Going towards an opening of health data? 196 Conclusion 197 Bibliography 198 Appendix Main acronyms used in this chapter 199 Chapter 9 Artificial Intelligence: Utopia or Progress? 203 Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Before computers, there were robots 205 What does artificial intelligence cover? 207 Ambitions of artificial intelligence 209 From machines to humanity 212 Myths associated with artificial intelligence 215 Assessing the intelligence of a machine? 217 Concluding reflections 218 Bibliography 221 Appendices 223 Appendix 1 225 Appendix 2 227 List of Authors 229 Index of Names and Brands 231 Index of Notions 233
Note to Reader ix Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Preface xi Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Introduction xvii Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Part 1 What's New and Why? 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1 Digital Omnipresence: Its Causes and Consequences 5 Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX From analog to digital 7 Computerization, prior to the digital revolution 8 The Internet, a real breakthrough factor 9 Importance of competition 11 Highly regulated communication infrastructure and services 14 Changes in European markets 18 From crisis to American rebound 20 Telephone and Internet companies 22 Summary 23 Bibliography 27 Appendix The 2000 crisis: lessons and industrial consequences 28 Chapter 2 Mathematical Culture and Massive Data 35 Jean DHOMBRES The Turing machine, the inspiration for massive data? 39 What does "calculable" mean? 42 From natural to mathematics 46 An ancient algorithm and its programming: gcd 48 Styles of mathematization 51 Mathematics, algorithms and measures of complexity 55 Representations of communities and massive data 58 Constraints of mathematization 62 The notion of the invariant: perspective,vectorial, linear algebra and matrix representation 66 Graphs, their calculations and some algorithms 69 Conclusion 72 Bibliography 74 Chapter 3 From Sample to Big Data: Competing or Complementary Paradigms? 77 Philippe TASSI Sampling and big data: useful synergy 79 Is this an ephemeral or sustainable phenomenon 84 How can data confidentiality be guaranteed? 89 Protecting personal data 95 How to conclude? 101 Bibliography 102 Chapter 4 Researching Forms and Correlations:the Big Data Approach 105 Gilles SANTINI Deconstruction and accumulation of data 107 Massive databases 107 Playing games with the devil? 109 A case study 110 The protection of privacy 112 Automatic processing 113 Conclusion 113 Bibliography 114 Chapter 5 Bitcoin: an Innovative System 115 Gérard DRÉAN Bitcoin and bitcoin: some key concepts 117 The Bitcoin system 118 The transactions register 121 Overview 124 Reliability and safety 125 Software changes 127 Fraud and control takeover 128 Evolution of Bitcoin and peer-to-peer payment 129 In summary 131 Bibliography 131 Part 2 Tactics and Strategies 133 Introduction to Part 2 135 Chapter 6 Bitcoin and Other Cyber-currency 137 Gérard DRÉAN Introduction 139 Bitcoin, the first cyber-currency 139 New tools of exchange 143 The problem of growth 144 Towards a refoundation? 146 Cyberspace and sovereign currencies 151 Competition between payment systems 153 Competition between units of account 156 Conclusion 159 Bibliography 161 Chapter 7 Health and Care: Digital Challenges 163 Isabelle HILALI What are we talking about? 165 Major changes for physicians 165 What about the patients? 168 New challenges for medication 168 Hospitals, clinics and nursing homes 171 Will we be able to insure health tomorrow? 172 The challenges of digital healthcare 174 Conclusion 178 Bibliography 180 Chapter 8 Access to Health Data:Debates and Controversies in France 183 Joumana BOUSTANY, Gabriella SALZANO and Christian BOURRET Methodology 185 Literature review 186 Information systems in France 188 Restricted and controlled access systems 190 Restricted access systems 193 Open information systems 194 Going towards an opening of health data? 196 Conclusion 197 Bibliography 198 Appendix Main acronyms used in this chapter 199 Chapter 9 Artificial Intelligence: Utopia or Progress? 203 Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX Before computers, there were robots 205 What does artificial intelligence cover? 207 Ambitions of artificial intelligence 209 From machines to humanity 212 Myths associated with artificial intelligence 215 Assessing the intelligence of a machine? 217 Concluding reflections 218 Bibliography 221 Appendices 223 Appendix 1 225 Appendix 2 227 List of Authors 229 Index of Names and Brands 231 Index of Notions 233
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