This thesis analyzes the implications for psychological operations (PSYOP) of religiously motivated insurgencies. The difficulties faced by US troops since the invasion of Iraq in 2003 have many questioning the effectiveness of the PSYOP message used there. This concern raises two questions: do PSYOP methods and messages have to be modified when the insurgency has a motivation in which religion is a significant component? The second question is if so, how? To answer these questions required the examination of two cases without religious motivation and the ongoing conflict in Iraq. The Malayan Emergency and the Hukbalahap Rebellion were two cases that provided evidence for non-religiously motivated insurgencies. Several principles for effective PSYOP were derived from these two historical examples. The ongoing hostilities in Iraq were then studied to determine what differences, if any, exist in the general principles governing PSYOP in an insurgency in which religion constitutes a portion of the underlying motivation.
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