In recent decades we have seen a socio-economic revolution that has changed companies and the business world. Various studies have been conducted with the aim of outlining strategies, techniques and determinants that will guarantee companies success in this scenario. What can be seen as a consensus among scholars and the business world is the prominent role that people have come to play in achieving organisational objectives and for the survival of companies. Among the main strategies used to identify and retain such talents, professional development has taken centre stage. One of the basic principles currently used for career advancement systems is meritocracy, understood as recognition based on competences expressed in the workplace. In response to this scenario, this book seeks to define meritocracy and career advancement and analyse the viability of using a meritocratic system as the basis for organisational processes and strategies for professional growth, recognition and talent retention.