Chapter One
The State: Constitutions, Institutions, and Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Functions of State
1.3 Constitutions and Constitutionalism
1.4 Institutions
1.4.1 Legislatures
1.4.2 Executives
1.4.3 Judiciaries
1.5 Systems
1.5.1 Separated Powers
1.5.2 Concentrated Powers (Parliamentary Systems)
1.5.3 Comparing Systems
Chapter Two
Presidential versus Parliamentary Systems:
Executives and Legislatures in Liberal Democracies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Presidentialism Explored
2.3 Parliamentary Systems
2.3.1 Majoritarian versus Proportionate Systems
2.3.2 Majority, Minority, and Coalition Government
2.3.3 Formation and Dissolution of Parliamentary Governments
2.3.4 The Head of State
2.3.5 The Political Executive: Prime Minister and Cabinet
2.3.6 Policy-Making: Executive Dominance
2.4 Presidentialism in Parliamentary Systems: France as Hybrid
2.5 Conclusion
Chapter Three
Governing Territory: Unitary and Federalism Systems
3.1 Introduction: Decentralization and Centralization
3.2 Definitions: Federal, Confederal, and Unitary Systems
3.3 Why Federalism?
3.4 The Division of Powers
3.4.1 Legislative Powers
3.4.2 Administrative Powers
3.4.3 Fiscal Powers
3.5 Bicameralism in Federal States
3.6 Home Rule and Decentralization in Unitary States
3.7 Supranational Federalism: The European Union
Chapter Four
Cleavage Structures and Electoral Systems
4.1 Cleavages Defined
4.2 Some Cleavages Examined
4.2.1 Religious
4.2.2 Ethno-Linguistic
4.2.3 Center-Periphery
4.2.4 Urban-Rural
4.2.5 Class
4.3 Reinforcing and Cross-Cutting Cleavages
4.4 Electoral Systems: The Basics
4.5 Electoral Systems: Main Variants
4.5.1 Single-Member (Majoritarian) Systems
4.5.2 Proportionate Electoral Systems
4.5.3 Hybrid (Mixed-Member) Systems
4.6 Party Systems
4.7 Conclusion
Index
