Broschiertes Buch

The Jewish Underground of Samarkand

How Faith Defied Soviet Rule

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A portal into the perseverance of Jewish culture in the face of attempts to destroy it. To answer his son's question: what was it like growing up in Samarkand? Rabbi Hillel Zaltzman wrote and researched this memoir and history about Chassidic Jews who found refuge in Samarkand during the World War II and continued to live there under Soviet rule. This is a personal story for Zaltzman, who was born in Kharkov, Ukraine. When the Nazis invaded Kharkov, Zaltzman’s parents fled with their three young children to Samarkand (Uzbekistan). There they reconnected to other refugee Chassidic families, as well as some famous Chassidic rebbes also in flight. In Uzbekistan they created a thriving Jewish community until its institutions were abruptly shut down by Stalin immediately after the war. Still this Jewish community in Samarkand, Uzbekistan is remembered as shpitz Chabad—the epitome of Chassidic ideals and devotion. Zaltzman’s father kept him out of the Soviet schools, where atheism was promoted and Sabbath observance was impossible, teaching him furtively at home, until a neighbor discovered his existence at the age of 9. Zaltzman had no choice but to attend a public school then, but he still observed the demands of his faith and stayed home from school when necessary. Hillel studied with esteemed Chabad Chassidic rebbes who taught at great personal risk. If discovered, they could be sentenced to harsh labor in Siberia. Zaltzman credits his father’s unswerving commitment to his chinuch—his Jewish education—was beyond any compromise, and it was an exemplary expression of their Chabad brand of Chassidic Judaism: “The Chabad community was infused with a rich inner world of Chassidic vitality,” Zaltzman writes. Meanwhile, the Soviet regime remained obsessed with eliminating a Jewish religious identity; a special division of the NKVD (Soviet secret police) was assigned the task of destroying Jewish schools and yeshivas, and surveilling individuals through synagogue informers. Zaltzman records his experiences and adventures and those of other memorable people he has known and the sacrifices they made to share their love of Torah and Jewish learning in the secret underground yeshivas. He describes their attempts to celebrate Jewish holidays, make matzah, and obtain prayer books, as well as their other colorful escapades. He also tells of their exasperating experiences trying to obtain exit visas to leave the Soviet Union. The largely untold story of Chabad activism and heroism comes through with great immediacy in this first-person account of spiritual resistance to a Communist regime at war with the Jewish devotion to God and Torah. From the age 16, along with several other idealistic young men, Hillel Zaltzman was involved in Chamah, an underground Jewish organization that helped sustain and preserve Jewish life in the Soviet Union through education. Chamah established a network of underground Jewish schools that clandestinely taught more than 1,500 children over the years and provided material and spiritual support to Jews trying to obtain exit visas in the 1960s and 70s. Hillel himself was allowed to immigrate to Israel only in 1971, after years of trying. Now living in New York, he is the director of IChamah, an international organization which is devoted to serving Jews from the Former Soviet Union in Israel, Russia, and the US. Rabbi Zaltzman was honored for his humanitarian and Jewish outreach in the U.S. Senate in May 2016, as part of Jewish American Heritage Month.

Weniger Details

Hillel Zaltzman was born in Kharkov, Ukraine, in 1939. Fleeing the German invasion in 1941, the Zaltzman family settled in Samarkand, a city in southeastern Uzbekistan, along with many war refugees. There the Chabad community was able to reestablish houses of worship, Jewish schools and a yeshiva, which operated in secret to avoid persecution by the Soviet authorities. Hillel received his early Jewish education from distinguished rabbis who taught small groups of children at great personal risk. In the postwar years under Stalin, with more frequent arrests, the Zaltzman’s hid a fugitive rabbi in their home for six years. At age sixteen, Hillel joined a newly formed clandestine group called Chamah, whose goals were the preservation and promotion of Judaism and to provide economic assistance to the Jews of Samarkand. They founded a network of underground classes for children and a charity fund to help needy Jews obtain coal and food packages. Through their efforts, an underground yeshiva also emerged in Samarkand, housed in private homes. At age twenty, the author was traveling extensively through the Soviet Union in connection with his community work, while taking the opportunity to visit and bolster the morale of isolated Chassidic and religious Jews. In 1971, after a fifteen-year wait, he finally received his exit visa and he and his wife left for Israel. In Israel, Rabbi Zaltzman and his friends saw a continuing need for Chamah—to help Russian immigrants adjust to their new home. They created programs to introduce new immigrants to Jewish culture and started schools for Russian and Bukharin children. Zaltzman moved to New York in 1973, where he established a New York office for Chamah. Over the years, Chamah became a successful and accomplished international organization assisting Russian Jews on three continents—in the United States, Israel and the Former Soviet Union. Rabbi Zaltzman is currently president of Chamah International. Under his leadership, Chamah has expanded its activities to include social and medical services, educational programs, and a publishing division. In 1989, Zaltzman returned to Russia to represent Chamah’s publishing department at the Moscow International Book Fair. He is also the author of a memoir, Samarkand, which was published in Hebrew, English, Russian, and Yiddish and upon which this abridged edition is based. Rabbi Zaltzman was honored in the US Senate in 2016 for his humanitarian work as part of Jewish American Heritage Month. He lives in Brooklyn with his wife, Shoshana. They are parents of a daughter and a son and are blessed with grandchildren and great-grandchildren.