The Legacy of Milorad Dodik and Bosnia's Tripartite State Presidency - A Study of Rule-of-Law Violations, Poverty, Civilian Suffering and Violations of Freedom of Expression in Bosnia and Herzegovina - O'Doherty, Mark
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Almost 25 years after the end of the war, Bosnian citizens are trapped in a hand-to-mouth existence, with some 23% estimated to be living at or below the absolute poverty line. This has led to a new mass exodus, leading to hundreds of thousands of people leaving Bosnia and Herzegovina each year. Social exclusion and discrimination - in particular of Roma, LGBT people and people with disabilities - also remained widespread in 2018, despite the adoption of a progressive Law on Prevention of Discrimination in 2016. Violations of press freedoms are also a major problem in the country; with 41…mehr

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Almost 25 years after the end of the war, Bosnian citizens are trapped in a hand-to-mouth existence, with some 23% estimated to be living at or below the absolute poverty line. This has led to a new mass exodus, leading to hundreds of thousands of people leaving Bosnia and Herzegovina each year. Social exclusion and discrimination - in particular of Roma, LGBT people and people with disabilities - also remained widespread in 2018, despite the adoption of a progressive Law on Prevention of Discrimination in 2016. Violations of press freedoms are also a major problem in the country; with 41 attacks against journalists having been reported since 2018, including five death threats, seven physical attacks, and eight direct threats by politicians - indicating an overall lack of rule-of-law and democracy in the country. Hence this book endeavours to improve human rights, rule of law, political stability and prosperity in Bosnia and Herzegovina; so that peace and harmony can be manifested in this beautiful country.
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Sources: https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/17/over-60-dead-in-migrant-boat-sinking-off-cape-verde-coast/ https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/7/22/saving-senegals-sons-from-vanishing-in-european-seas https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/4/11/iom-african-migrants-traded-in-libyas-slave-markets https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jun/19/people-smugglers-migrant-boat-disaster-greece https://www.theguardian.com/world/refugees https://edition.cnn.com/specials/cnn-crews-migrant-crisis https://www.theguardian.com/world/africa https://www.africanews.com/2022/10/20/malawi-finds-mass-grave-of-suspected-ethiopian-migrants/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/01/ethiopians-found-in-malawi-mass-grave-thought-to-have-suffocated There are increasing reports of abductions of those being transported, who are only freed after families pay substantial ransoms to traffickers. Families often paid money in advance to major smugglers in Ethiopia. Other less significant actors often make further cash by exploiting Ethiopian migrants and refugees on the way. "It becomes a relay, with the migrants taken from one to another agent and each charging their own money. They hijack them and demand ransom money." Abductions often occur immediately after people have been smuggled across the border from Zimbabwe into South Africa - after weeks of traveling from east Africa. "The kidnappers wait for them and then hide them and send to their relatives asking for more money ... It is big business. Even police and immigration officials are [involved]" The IOM report found that close to 51,000 Ethiopian migrants had gone missing since 2016. 4,265 deaths and 1,707 disappearances were recorded along the route to South Africa. An overwhelming number of migrants said they had experienced a severe lack of food, water or shelter on their journey, the IOM researchers found. Most had suffered abuse, violence, assault or torture, while one in four had been asked to find additional money for bribes, despite already paying an average of US$5,000 for the journey. Hence African law enforcement agencies - together with the assistance of the International Intelligence Community - must bring the perpetrators of these severe crimes to Justice. Furthermore, the International Community must provide greater assistance to disadvantaged communities who are challenged with socioeconomic deprivation - so that abductions, kidnapping and murder through forced migration can be stopped.