The aim of the book was to approach the subject according to its various interpretations, starting from methods regarding the effective exploitation of natural resources in the mountain area and the orientation of specific instruments for financial, economic and social inclusion, with a direct orientation towards the dimensioning of national wealth through the current potential of mountain areas, in strict correlation with the objectives of sustainable development according to the UN 2030 Agenda.The paper will capture existing aspects in international practice (such as entrepreneurial finance), based on the points of view of the great scientific personalities of our century who approached the phenomenon of the effective exploitation of natural resources in the mountain area and the orientation of specific instruments for financial inclusion, economic and social, including the analysis of this valorization process also at the level of other EU states, as well as personal experience in the field of rural development at the international level.