Nicolas Baumard

The Origins of Fairness

How Evolution Explains Our Moral Nature

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

In this book, Nicolas Baumard explores the theory that morality was originally an adaptation to the biological market of cooperation, an arena in which individuals competed to be selected for cooperative interactions. It is with this evolutionary approach that Baumard accounts for the specific structure of human morality.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Oxford University Press
• Seitenzahl: 270
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. April 2016
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 157mm x 30mm
• Gewicht: 499g
• ISBN-13: 9780190210229
• ISBN-10: 0190210222
• Artikelnr.: 47862960

Autorenporträt

Nicolas Baumard is Research Scholar in the Department of Cognitive Sciences at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris.

Inhaltsangabe

INTRODUCTION: Reconciling morality with the natural sciences
Naturalism: The moral sense
Contractualism: The social contract
A naturalistic and contractualist theory of morality
PART 1: THE MORAL SENSE
Chapter 1: A mental organ
1. An autonomous disposition
Moral judgments and moral intuitions
Moral intuitions and moral ideas
2. A domain-specific disposition
Morality, a passion among others
The sense of honor
3. A universal disposition
Variability as a product of the diversity of situations and beliefs
Observed diversity and real diversity
4. An innate disposition
5. Non-intuitive moral judgments
Chapter 2: A functional disposition
1. The competing passions
2. The moral sense and non-naturalistic theories
The domain specificity of moral judgments
The innateness of moral judgments
3. The moral sense as adaptation
Functionality and modularity
Efficient causes and final causes
PART 2: MORALITY AS FAIRNESS
Chapter 3: From cooperation to morality
1. A naturalistic contractualism
2. From the cooperation market to the sense of fairness
The cooperation market
Cooperation market theory vs. other mutualistic theories
Manipulation on the cooperation market
The cooperation market in the ancestral environment
3. The sense of fairness
The example of reciprocity and justice
Moral rectitude, or fairness in general
Fairness and power relationships
Framing effects
Chapter 4: Moral principles and the sense of fairness
1. Getting past principles
2. The mutualistic logic of moral dilemmas
Actions and omissions
The trolley dilemma
A mutualistic analysis of the trolley problem
Utilitarian interpretations of the trolley problem
3. Principles and justice
Chapter 5 A cognitive approach to the moral sense
1. A contract without negotiations: Morality and theory of mind
The importance of others: Mental states vs. interests
Consent has no moral value
A mutualistic approach to responsibility
2. The evaluation of individual interests
Intuitive axiology and the moral sense
Victimless crimes
Roles and statuses
Moral differences between the sexes
3. The limits of the moral community
The proper and actual domains of the moral sense
The variability of the actual domain
4. Disposition and micro-dispositions
PART 3: MORALITY AS SACRIFICE
Chapter 6 Mutualistic morality and utilitarian morality
1. Utilitarian morality and group selection
2. Utilitarian societies?
Observed utilitarianism and real utilitarianism
Collectivism and utilitarianism
Social institutions and moral interactions
3. Utilitarian judgments?
Distributive justice
Retributive justice
Supererogatory actions
Moral dilemmas
4. Economic games
The ecological validity of economic games
Economic games: moral situations
A mutualistic analysis of economic games
Chapter 7: Punishment: useless and uncertain
1. A marginal practice in non-state societies
2. Revenge, ostracism and self-defense: punishments?
3. A simple question of duty
A mutualistic analysis of apparently punitive actions
Punishment in economic games
4. Retributive justice and penal systems
PART 4: MORALITY AS EXCELLENCE
Chapter 8: Mutualistic morality and virtue morality
1. Sympathy
The three faces of Adam Smith
Of sympathy and the other social sentiments
2. The parental instinct
3. Disgust
4. The virtues
Chapter 9: On the "state of nature "
1. Morality in animals
Morality: one disposition among many
Primate morality: reality or anthropomorphism?
2. Morality and social cognition
Understanding others to communicate
Communicating to cooperate
CONCLUSION
1. The steps in the argument
2. The scientific implications of a mutualistic theory
3. The practical implications of mutualistic theory
References