The peripheral nervous system is usually defined as the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia which lie outside the brain and spinal cord. To describe the structure and function of this system in one book may have been possible last century. Today, only a judicious selection is possible. It may be fairly claimed that the title of this book is not misleading, for in keeping the text within bounds only accounts of olfaction, vision, audition, and vestibular function have been omitted, and as popularly understood these topics fall into the category of special senses. This book…mehr
The peripheral nervous system is usually defined as the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia which lie outside the brain and spinal cord. To describe the structure and function of this system in one book may have been possible last century. Today, only a judicious selection is possible. It may be fairly claimed that the title of this book is not misleading, for in keeping the text within bounds only accounts of olfaction, vision, audition, and vestibular function have been omitted, and as popularly understood these topics fall into the category of special senses. This book contains a comprehensive treatment of the structure and function of peripheral nerves (including axoplasmic flow and trophic func tions); junctional regions in the autonomic and somatic divisions of the peripheral nervous system; receptors in skin, tongue, and deeper tissues; and the integrative role of ganglia. It is thus a handbook of the peripheral nervous system as it is usually understood for teaching purposes. The convenience of having this material inside one set of covers is already proven, for my colleagues were borrowing parts of the text even while the book was in manuscript. It is my belief that lecturers will find here the information they need, while graduate students will be able to get a sound yet easily read account of results of research in their area. JOHN 1. HUBBARD vii Contents SECTION I-PERIPHERAL NERVE Chapter 1 Peripheral Nerve Structure 3 Henry deF. Webster 3 1. Introduction .
'Section I-Peripheral Nerve.- 1 Peripheral Nerve Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Histology and Development.- 3. The Axon.- 3.1. Filaments and Microtubules.- 3.2. Other Organelles and the Axolemma.- 4. Sheaths of Axons.- 4.1. Schwann Cells.- 4.2. Myelin.- 4.3. Function of Schwann Cells and Their Myelin Sheaths.- 4.4. Connective Tissue Sheaths.- 5. References.- 2 The Nerve Impulse.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Passive Electrical Properties.- 3. Voltage-Clamp Analysis of the Ionic Current.- 4. Momentary Current-Voltage Relations.- 5. The Threshold Conditions for Excitation.- 6. Factors Determining Conduction Velocity.- 7. References.- 3 Axoplasmic Transport-Energy Metabolism and Mechanism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fast Axoplasmic Transport.- 2.1. Characterization.- 2.2. Mechanism and Energy Supply.- 2.3. Transport and Membrane Function.- 3. Slow Axoplasmic Transport.- 3.1. Characterization.- 3.2. Mechanism.- 4. References.- Section IIA-Junctional Transmission-Structure.- 4 Neuromuscular Junctions and Electric Organs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Typical Neuromuscular Junction.- 2.1. Distribution and Location of Nerve Terminals.- 2.2. The Axon.- 2.3. The Synaptic Space.- 2.4. Postjunctional Muscle Fiber.- 3. Variations of Motor End Plates.- 3.1. Variations from Class to Class.- 3.2. Endings on Slow-Twitch and Rapid-Twitch Fibers.- 3.3. Endings on Slow Tonic Muscle Fibers.- 4. Electric Organs.- 4.1. Electrocytes.- 4.2. Innervation and Ultrastructure.- 5. References.- 5 The Peripheral Autonomic System.- 1. Anatomical Considerations: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions.- 2. Morphological Observations.- 2.1. Preganglionic Neurons.- 2.2. Postganglionic Neurons.- 2.3. Adrenal and Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Cells.- 3. References.- 6 Ultrastructure of Ganglionic Junctions.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Sympathetic Ganglia.- 2.1. Amphibia.- 2.2. Reptiles.- 2.3. Mammals.- 2.4. Some Effects of Different Fixatives.- 3. Parasympathetic Ganglia.- 3.1. Ciliary Ganglion.- 3.2. Otic Ganglion.- 3.3. Ganglia of the Enteric Plexuses.- 3.4. Cardiac Ganglion Cells.- 4. Summary and Comment.- 5. References.- Section IIB-Junctional Transmission-Function.- 7(i) Neuromuscular Transmission-Presynaptic Factors.- 1. Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Acetylcholine.- 1.1. Synthesis of ACh.- 1.2. Storage and Release.- 2. The Acceleration of Release by Nerve Impulses.- 2.1. The Role of the Nerve Impulse.- 2.2. The Role of Ca2+.- 2.3. After- Effects of Depolarization-Secretion Coupling.- 3. References.- 7 (ii) Neuromuscular Transmission-The Transmitter-Receptor Combination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Basis of Chemoelectric Transduction.- 3. Pharmacology.- 4. Chemical Nature of the Acetylcholine Receptor.- 5. Desensitization.- 6. References.- 7 (iii) Neuromuscular Transmission-Enzymatic Destruction of Acetylcholine.- 1. Location and Measurement of Cholinesterases at the Junction.- 1.1. Histochemical Staining.- 1.2. Microchemical Methods.- 1.3. Assay of External AChE.- 1.4. Radioautographic Methods.- 2. Amounts and Types of Cholinesterase at the Junctions.- 3. Requirement for AChE in Impulse Transmission.- 4. Relation of AChE to ACh- Receptors.- 5. Quantitative Relation of AChE to ACh at the End Plate.- 6. References.- 8 Ganglionic Transmission.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Response of Autonomic Ganglia to Preganglionic Volleys.- 2.1. Response of Normal Ganglia.- 2.2. Response of Curarized Ganglia.- 2.3. Slow Ganglionic Responses and Afterdischarges.- 3. Electrical Constants of Ganglion Cell Membrane.- 4. Action Potentials of Single Ganglion Cells.- 4.1. Response to Antidromic Stimulation.- 4.2. Response to Direct Intracellular Stimulation.- 4.3. Response to Orthodromic Stimulation.- 4.4. Ionic Requirement for Generation of Action Potential.- 5. Nature and Electrogenesis of Postsynaptic Potentials.- 5.1. The "Fast" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential.- 5.2. The "Slow" Excitatory
'Section I-Peripheral Nerve.- 1 Peripheral Nerve Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Histology and Development.- 3. The Axon.- 3.1. Filaments and Microtubules.- 3.2. Other Organelles and the Axolemma.- 4. Sheaths of Axons.- 4.1. Schwann Cells.- 4.2. Myelin.- 4.3. Function of Schwann Cells and Their Myelin Sheaths.- 4.4. Connective Tissue Sheaths.- 5. References.- 2 The Nerve Impulse.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Passive Electrical Properties.- 3. Voltage-Clamp Analysis of the Ionic Current.- 4. Momentary Current-Voltage Relations.- 5. The Threshold Conditions for Excitation.- 6. Factors Determining Conduction Velocity.- 7. References.- 3 Axoplasmic Transport-Energy Metabolism and Mechanism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fast Axoplasmic Transport.- 2.1. Characterization.- 2.2. Mechanism and Energy Supply.- 2.3. Transport and Membrane Function.- 3. Slow Axoplasmic Transport.- 3.1. Characterization.- 3.2. Mechanism.- 4. References.- Section IIA-Junctional Transmission-Structure.- 4 Neuromuscular Junctions and Electric Organs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Typical Neuromuscular Junction.- 2.1. Distribution and Location of Nerve Terminals.- 2.2. The Axon.- 2.3. The Synaptic Space.- 2.4. Postjunctional Muscle Fiber.- 3. Variations of Motor End Plates.- 3.1. Variations from Class to Class.- 3.2. Endings on Slow-Twitch and Rapid-Twitch Fibers.- 3.3. Endings on Slow Tonic Muscle Fibers.- 4. Electric Organs.- 4.1. Electrocytes.- 4.2. Innervation and Ultrastructure.- 5. References.- 5 The Peripheral Autonomic System.- 1. Anatomical Considerations: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions.- 2. Morphological Observations.- 2.1. Preganglionic Neurons.- 2.2. Postganglionic Neurons.- 2.3. Adrenal and Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Cells.- 3. References.- 6 Ultrastructure of Ganglionic Junctions.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Sympathetic Ganglia.- 2.1. Amphibia.- 2.2. Reptiles.- 2.3. Mammals.- 2.4. Some Effects of Different Fixatives.- 3. Parasympathetic Ganglia.- 3.1. Ciliary Ganglion.- 3.2. Otic Ganglion.- 3.3. Ganglia of the Enteric Plexuses.- 3.4. Cardiac Ganglion Cells.- 4. Summary and Comment.- 5. References.- Section IIB-Junctional Transmission-Function.- 7(i) Neuromuscular Transmission-Presynaptic Factors.- 1. Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Acetylcholine.- 1.1. Synthesis of ACh.- 1.2. Storage and Release.- 2. The Acceleration of Release by Nerve Impulses.- 2.1. The Role of the Nerve Impulse.- 2.2. The Role of Ca2+.- 2.3. After- Effects of Depolarization-Secretion Coupling.- 3. References.- 7 (ii) Neuromuscular Transmission-The Transmitter-Receptor Combination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Basis of Chemoelectric Transduction.- 3. Pharmacology.- 4. Chemical Nature of the Acetylcholine Receptor.- 5. Desensitization.- 6. References.- 7 (iii) Neuromuscular Transmission-Enzymatic Destruction of Acetylcholine.- 1. Location and Measurement of Cholinesterases at the Junction.- 1.1. Histochemical Staining.- 1.2. Microchemical Methods.- 1.3. Assay of External AChE.- 1.4. Radioautographic Methods.- 2. Amounts and Types of Cholinesterase at the Junctions.- 3. Requirement for AChE in Impulse Transmission.- 4. Relation of AChE to ACh- Receptors.- 5. Quantitative Relation of AChE to ACh at the End Plate.- 6. References.- 8 Ganglionic Transmission.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Response of Autonomic Ganglia to Preganglionic Volleys.- 2.1. Response of Normal Ganglia.- 2.2. Response of Curarized Ganglia.- 2.3. Slow Ganglionic Responses and Afterdischarges.- 3. Electrical Constants of Ganglion Cell Membrane.- 4. Action Potentials of Single Ganglion Cells.- 4.1. Response to Antidromic Stimulation.- 4.2. Response to Direct Intracellular Stimulation.- 4.3. Response to Orthodromic Stimulation.- 4.4. Ionic Requirement for Generation of Action Potential.- 5. Nature and Electrogenesis of Postsynaptic Potentials.- 5.1. The "Fast" Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential.- 5.2. The "Slow" Excitatory
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