The Age of Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, also called the Age of Reason, was so named for an exultant intellectual movement that shook the foundations of Western civilization. In championing radical ideas such as individual liberty and an empirical appraisal of the universe through rational inquiry and natural experience, Enlightenment philosophers in Europe and America planted the seeds for modern liberalism, cultural humanism, science and technology, and laissez-faire capitalism. This volume brings together the era's classic works, with more than a hundred selections from a broad…mehr
The Age of Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, also called the Age of Reason, was so named for an exultant intellectual movement that shook the foundations of Western civilization. In championing radical ideas such as individual liberty and an empirical appraisal of the universe through rational inquiry and natural experience, Enlightenment philosophers in Europe and America planted the seeds for modern liberalism, cultural humanism, science and technology, and laissez-faire capitalism. This volume brings together the era's classic works, with more than a hundred selections from a broad range of sources - including works by Kant, Diderot, Voltaire, Newton, Rousseau, Locke, Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, and Paine - that demonstrate the pervasive impact of Enlightenment views on philosophy and epistemology as well as on political, social, and economic institutions. Included are seminal discourses on science and religion, on the social contract, on the equality (and inequality) of the sexes and the races, and on economics and markets, as well as homages to nature and sexual pleasure, and poetry and opera librettos that embody the movement's social ideals.
Notes to Introduction Suggestions for Further Reading Chronological Table Part One: The Enlightenment Spirit: An Overview What is Enlightenment? Kant The Human Mind Emerged from Barbarism d’Alembert “Encyclopédie” Diderot Definition of a Philosophe Dumarsais Le mariage de Figaro Beaumarchais The Magic Flute Mozart The Future Progress of the Human Mind Condorcet Part Two: Reason and Nature The New Science Bacon Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Newton The New Physics Cotes On Bacon and Newton Voltaire The Rat Buffon The Utility of Science Condorcet The Organization of Scientific Research Priestley Letter to Joseph Priestley Franklin Part Three: Reason and God On Superstition and Tolerance Bayle A Letter Concerning Toleration Locke On Enthusiasm Shaftesbury The Argument for a Deity Newton A Discourse of Free-Thinking Collins “If there is a God…;” Montesquieu Of Miracles and the Origin of Religion Hume Reflections on Religion Voltaire Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar Rousseau “No need of theology…;only of reason…;” d’Holbach The Progress of Superstition Gibbon Unitarianism Priestley “Religion…;my views of it…;” Jefferson “Something of my religion…;” Franklin The Temple of Reason The Age of Reason Paine Part Four: Reason and Humanity The Mind and Ideas “I think, therefore I am…;” Descartes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Locke New Essays on Human Understanding Leibnitz On Mr. Locke Voltaire A Treatise of Human Nature Hume Man a Machine la Mettrie Of Ideas, Their Generation and Associations Hartley The Philosophy of Common Sense Reid Treatise on the Sensations Condillac Education and Childhood Some Thoughts Concerning Education Locke Children and Civic Education Rousseau Education for Civil and Active Life Priestley Manners and Morals The Fable of the Bees Mandeville An Essay on Man Pope Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure Cleland Enjoyment and Tahiti Diderot Concerning the Moral Sense Hutcheson The Impartial Spectator Smith A Treatise on Man Helvétius Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals Kant The Principle of Utility Bentham Taste and Art On Wit Addison Ideas of Beauty and Virtue Hutcheson Discourse on Style Buffon Of the Standard of Taste Hume The Sublime Burke On Theater and Morals Rousseau On Custom and Fashion Smith The Beautiful and Sublime Kant Discourse on Art Reynolds Part Five: Reason and Society Progress and History The New Science Vico The Utility of History Bolingbroke History as Guide Hume On Progress Turgot A Critique of Progress Rousseau In Defense of Modernity Voltaire The Four-Stage Theory of Development Smith The Progressive Character of Human Nature Ferguson “How glorious, then, is the prospect…;” Priestley The Perfectibility of Man Condorcet Politics and the State The Second Treatise of Civil Government Locke The Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu Political Essays Voltaire Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Rousseau The Social Contract Rousseau Common Sense Paine The American Declaration of Independence Benevolent Despotism Frederick the Great Federalist No. 10 Madison The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen The Rights of Man Paine Enquiry Concerning Political Justice Godwin The Economy and Markets The Royal Exchange Addison Industry and the Way to Wealth Franklin Of Luxury Hume The Physiocratic Formula Quesnay Economic Liberty Turgot The Wealth of Nations Smith Crime and Punishment The Severity of Criminal Laws Montesquieu An Essay on Crimes and Punishments Beccaria On Torture and Capital Punishment Voltaire The State of Prisons Howard “Cases unmeet for punishment…;” Bentham War and Peace Splendid Armies Voltaire “There never was a good war…;” Franklin Perpetual Peace Kant Gender and Race Some Reflections upon Marriage Astell Duties of Women Rousseau The Fair Sex Kant Women, Adored and Oppressed Paine(attr.) “A woman…;gossips much…;” Mozart Women’s Education Macaulay On the Equality of the Sexes Constantia The Rights of Woman de Gouges Vindication of the Rights of Woman Wollstonecraft “Negroes…;naturally inferior to the whites…;” Hume Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes Woolman The Difference between the Races Kant “Who are you, then, to make slaves…;” Diderot “Bestial manners, stupidity, and vices…;” Long African Slavery in America Paine Of Empires and Savages Gibbon On Indians and Negroes Jefferson “Negro” Encylopaedia Britannica The End of Empire Priestley
Notes to Introduction Suggestions for Further Reading Chronological Table Part One: The Enlightenment Spirit: An Overview What is Enlightenment? Kant The Human Mind Emerged from Barbarism d’Alembert “Encyclopédie” Diderot Definition of a Philosophe Dumarsais Le mariage de Figaro Beaumarchais The Magic Flute Mozart The Future Progress of the Human Mind Condorcet Part Two: Reason and Nature The New Science Bacon Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Newton The New Physics Cotes On Bacon and Newton Voltaire The Rat Buffon The Utility of Science Condorcet The Organization of Scientific Research Priestley Letter to Joseph Priestley Franklin Part Three: Reason and God On Superstition and Tolerance Bayle A Letter Concerning Toleration Locke On Enthusiasm Shaftesbury The Argument for a Deity Newton A Discourse of Free-Thinking Collins “If there is a God…;” Montesquieu Of Miracles and the Origin of Religion Hume Reflections on Religion Voltaire Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar Rousseau “No need of theology…;only of reason…;” d’Holbach The Progress of Superstition Gibbon Unitarianism Priestley “Religion…;my views of it…;” Jefferson “Something of my religion…;” Franklin The Temple of Reason The Age of Reason Paine Part Four: Reason and Humanity The Mind and Ideas “I think, therefore I am…;” Descartes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Locke New Essays on Human Understanding Leibnitz On Mr. Locke Voltaire A Treatise of Human Nature Hume Man a Machine la Mettrie Of Ideas, Their Generation and Associations Hartley The Philosophy of Common Sense Reid Treatise on the Sensations Condillac Education and Childhood Some Thoughts Concerning Education Locke Children and Civic Education Rousseau Education for Civil and Active Life Priestley Manners and Morals The Fable of the Bees Mandeville An Essay on Man Pope Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure Cleland Enjoyment and Tahiti Diderot Concerning the Moral Sense Hutcheson The Impartial Spectator Smith A Treatise on Man Helvétius Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals Kant The Principle of Utility Bentham Taste and Art On Wit Addison Ideas of Beauty and Virtue Hutcheson Discourse on Style Buffon Of the Standard of Taste Hume The Sublime Burke On Theater and Morals Rousseau On Custom and Fashion Smith The Beautiful and Sublime Kant Discourse on Art Reynolds Part Five: Reason and Society Progress and History The New Science Vico The Utility of History Bolingbroke History as Guide Hume On Progress Turgot A Critique of Progress Rousseau In Defense of Modernity Voltaire The Four-Stage Theory of Development Smith The Progressive Character of Human Nature Ferguson “How glorious, then, is the prospect…;” Priestley The Perfectibility of Man Condorcet Politics and the State The Second Treatise of Civil Government Locke The Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu Political Essays Voltaire Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Rousseau The Social Contract Rousseau Common Sense Paine The American Declaration of Independence Benevolent Despotism Frederick the Great Federalist No. 10 Madison The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen The Rights of Man Paine Enquiry Concerning Political Justice Godwin The Economy and Markets The Royal Exchange Addison Industry and the Way to Wealth Franklin Of Luxury Hume The Physiocratic Formula Quesnay Economic Liberty Turgot The Wealth of Nations Smith Crime and Punishment The Severity of Criminal Laws Montesquieu An Essay on Crimes and Punishments Beccaria On Torture and Capital Punishment Voltaire The State of Prisons Howard “Cases unmeet for punishment…;” Bentham War and Peace Splendid Armies Voltaire “There never was a good war…;” Franklin Perpetual Peace Kant Gender and Race Some Reflections upon Marriage Astell Duties of Women Rousseau The Fair Sex Kant Women, Adored and Oppressed Paine(attr.) “A woman…;gossips much…;” Mozart Women’s Education Macaulay On the Equality of the Sexes Constantia The Rights of Woman de Gouges Vindication of the Rights of Woman Wollstonecraft “Negroes…;naturally inferior to the whites…;” Hume Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes Woolman The Difference between the Races Kant “Who are you, then, to make slaves…;” Diderot “Bestial manners, stupidity, and vices…;” Long African Slavery in America Paine Of Empires and Savages Gibbon On Indians and Negroes Jefferson “Negro” Encylopaedia Britannica The End of Empire Priestley
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