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Examines the rise in importance of unelected bodies and the challenge they present to democracy.
Unelected bodies, such as independent central banks, economic regulators, risk managers and auditors have become a worldwide phenomenon. Democracies are increasingly turning to them to demarcate boundaries between the market and the state, to resolve conflicts of interest and to allocate resources, even in sensitive ethical areas such as those involving privacy or biotechnology. This book examines the challenge that unelected bodies present to democracy and argues that, taken together, such bodies should be viewed as a new branch of government with their own sources of legitimacy and held to account through a new separation of powers. Vibert suggests that such bodies help promote a more informed citizenry because they provide a more trustworthy and reliable source of information for decisions. This book will be of interest to specialists and general readers with an interest in modern democracy as well as policy makers, think tanks and journalists.
Review quote:
'This book is essential reading for all those concerned with the accountability of expert bodies, such as regulators, appointed with specific responsibilities and acting independently from ministers. Frank Vibert shows how an extension of the constitutional doctrines of the separation of powers provides a practical framework for their legitimacy. In a society increasingly dependent on knowledge, he highlights the importance of not focusing exclusively on politics as a means through which democratic societies engage in reasoned problem solving.' Sir Ian Byatt, Chairman, Water Commission for Scotland and Former Director General of Water Services (Ofwat)
'Vibert is right that too little attention has been paid to the implications of widespread outsourcing of government functions to unelected bodies. Furthermore, he proposes practical ways in which the accountability gap can be filled. This is a very valuable book.' Howard Davies, Director, LSE
'Frank Vibert's provocative and timely thesis represents a wake-up call to parliamentarians and all those who care about efficient, responsive and accountable public administration.' Rt Hon Lord Holme of Cheltenham, Chairman, House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution
Table of contents:
Introduction; 1. The world of the unelected; 2. The driving forces; 3. The advantages of the new separation of powers; 4. The challenge to conventional democratic theory; 5. Adapting traditional approaches; 6. The new separation of powers and the advent of the informed citizen; 7. Informed citizens and the changing role of traditional institutions; 8. The legitimacy of the new branch; 9. The new separation of powers and the European Union; 10. International institutions: blurring the boundaries; 11. Conclusions: the accountability of the new branch.
Unelected bodies, such as independent central banks, economic regulators, risk managers and auditors have become a worldwide phenomenon. Democracies are increasingly turning to them to demarcate boundaries between the market and the state, to resolve conflicts of interest and to allocate resources, even in sensitive ethical areas such as those involving privacy or biotechnology. This book examines the challenge that unelected bodies present to democracy and argues that, taken together, such bodies should be viewed as a new branch of government with their own sources of legitimacy and held to account through a new separation of powers. Vibert suggests that such bodies help promote a more informed citizenry because they provide a more trustworthy and reliable source of information for decisions. This book will be of interest to specialists and general readers with an interest in modern democracy as well as policy makers, think tanks and journalists.
Review quote:
'This book is essential reading for all those concerned with the accountability of expert bodies, such as regulators, appointed with specific responsibilities and acting independently from ministers. Frank Vibert shows how an extension of the constitutional doctrines of the separation of powers provides a practical framework for their legitimacy. In a society increasingly dependent on knowledge, he highlights the importance of not focusing exclusively on politics as a means through which democratic societies engage in reasoned problem solving.' Sir Ian Byatt, Chairman, Water Commission for Scotland and Former Director General of Water Services (Ofwat)
'Vibert is right that too little attention has been paid to the implications of widespread outsourcing of government functions to unelected bodies. Furthermore, he proposes practical ways in which the accountability gap can be filled. This is a very valuable book.' Howard Davies, Director, LSE
'Frank Vibert's provocative and timely thesis represents a wake-up call to parliamentarians and all those who care about efficient, responsive and accountable public administration.' Rt Hon Lord Holme of Cheltenham, Chairman, House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution
Table of contents:
Introduction; 1. The world of the unelected; 2. The driving forces; 3. The advantages of the new separation of powers; 4. The challenge to conventional democratic theory; 5. Adapting traditional approaches; 6. The new separation of powers and the advent of the informed citizen; 7. Informed citizens and the changing role of traditional institutions; 8. The legitimacy of the new branch; 9. The new separation of powers and the European Union; 10. International institutions: blurring the boundaries; 11. Conclusions: the accountability of the new branch.
Eine Herausforderung für die Demokratie
Für die meisten Deutschen ist gerade die Unabhängigkeit der Zentralbank etwas, das Vertrauen einflößt. Ob allerdings die verallgemeinerte Aussage, dass möglichst viele Politikbereiche dem demokratischen Prozess entzogen werden sollten, den gleichen Vertrauensbonus erhalten würde, ist fraglich.
Frank Vibert, Direktor des Londoner Think Tanks "European Policy Forum", analysiert einen Trend, der in den letzten Jahren enorm zugenommen hat, nämlich die Übertragung von mehr und mehr Kompetenzen auf "Ungewählte". Das ist ein potentielles Problem für die Demokratie, die auf Transparenz und Machtkontrolle basiert. Man muss sich nur die thematische Spannbreite der unabhängigen Instanzen - vom Denkmalschutz über Lebensmittelstandard zur Erstellung von Schulcurricula - vor Augen führen, um dies zu sehen. Unabhängige mögen das ihnen entgegengebrachte Vertrauen verdienen, wenn es um Professionalität und Expertise bei empirischen Fragen geht. Aber diese gehen oft Hand in Hand mit normativen Entscheidungen. Da wird es kritisch. Die Frage, was dem Markt und was dem Staat gehört, was privat und was öffentlich ist, stelle sich neu, meint Vibert.
Problematisch sei dies vor allem auf der Ebene supranationaler Institutionen, die immer mehr an Gewicht gewännen. Als Beispiel nennt er die EU, wo sich gerade bei der Kommission eine unglückliche Vermischung von Demokratiedefizit und Gewaltenvermischung zeige. Ähnliches gebe es aber auch bei der UN und ihren Suborganisationen, bei denen undemokratische weiche Macht über kaum zu unterschätzende harte Eingriffsmöglichkeiten in die Demokratie der Nationalstaaten verfüge.
Vibert meint, dass man dieses grundlegende Problem demokratischer Institutionen, das ein Problem des Verhältnisses zwischen Bürger, Markt und Staat sei, als eine genuine Verfassungsfrage begreifen müsse. So wie es Alexis de Tocqueville mit der Presse vorhatte, möchte Vibert die Ungewählten zur vierten Gewalt im System der Gewaltenteilung erheben. Seine angedeutete Idee, Verhaltenscodices zu entwickeln, mag wegen ihrer Vielfalt der Institutionen schwierig sein. Zuzustimmen ist dem Anliegen, dass die Grenze staatlicher Macht genauer definiert sein müsse und dass es klar definierter Kompetenzen bedürfe. Wer Interesse am Fortbestand einer freiheitlichen Demokratie hat, darf dieser Frage nicht aus dem Wege gehen.
DETMAR DÖRING
Der Verfasser ist Leiter des Liberalen Instituts.
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