The research investigated the participation of citizen election observers to identify, and analyze the knowledge, skills and methodological gaps while observing the process and outcome of the 2021 Ethiopian General Elections. Findings of the research revealed the one-day training, on average, given, to observers on how to fill out checklists, and critical incident forms was inadequate. Similarly, the trainings lacked relevant contents such as the concept of election, and electoral cycle approach, what election observation is all about in general and domestic election observations in particular. Conversely, study findings disclosed majority of the observer groups were independent and neutral while conducting observation. They also put in place some kind of organizational structure for gathering, transmission, cleaning, verification, and analysis of observation data, and thereby succeeded in publishing preliminary statements as well as final observations reports. Since majority of the observer groups did not adopt proportional deployment method based on a nationwide sample, they could not draw evidence-based conclusions about the electoral process across the country.
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