The United States on the eve of the Second World War was still a society largely isolated from the world. Facing enemies with unfamiliar cultural traditions, the U.S. government turned to anthropologists for insight. The result was a research effort that continued long after the war, aimed, in the words of Margaret Mead, at analyzing the cultural regularities in the characters of individuals who are members of societies that are inaccessible to direct observation. In 1953, Margaret Mead and Rhoda Métraux produced The Study of Culture at a Distance, a compilation of research from this period.…mehr
The United States on the eve of the Second World War was still a society largely isolated from the world. Facing enemies with unfamiliar cultural traditions, the U.S. government turned to anthropologists for insight. The result was a research effort that continued long after the war, aimed, in the words of Margaret Mead, at analyzing the cultural regularities in the characters of individuals who are members of societies that are inaccessible to direct observation. In 1953, Margaret Mead and Rhoda Métraux produced The Study of Culture at a Distance, a compilation of research from this period. This remarkable work, long unavailable, presents a rich and complex methodology for the study of cultures through literature, film, informant interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. The book also provides fascinating insights into such diverse cultures as China, Thailand, Italy, Syria, France, Germany, Russia, Romania, and Great Britain, and includes some highly original analysis such as that of the Soviet style of chess, a study of Jean Cocteau's classic film La Belle et la Bête, and the cultural interpretations of Rorschach tests administered to Chinese subjects.
Margaret Mead served as Curator of Ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1925 to 1969. She began her career with a study of youth and adolescence in Samoan society, published as Coming of Age in Samoa (1928). She published prolifically, becoming a seminal figure in anthropology, and was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1979.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface Introduction PART I: INTRODUCTION The Study of Culture at a Distance Margaret Mead Chapter 1. The Purpose and Scope of This Manual Chapter 2. The Needed Skills and Their Place in Cultural Analysis Chapter 3. Theory and Practice * Theory and Methods Derived from Anthropology * Theory and Methods Derived from Other Disciplines Chapter 4. Anthropological Models for the Study of Culture at a Distance * The Single Informant * The Study of Living Communities PART II: NATIONAL CHARACTER National Character: Theory and Practice Geoffrey Gorer PART III: GROUP RESEARCH A: The Organization of Group Research Margaret Mead B: Five Illustrations of Groups at Work Introduction Rhoda Métraux Chapter 1. Formulation of a Working Hypothesis: French Dyadic Relationships Chapter 2. Formulation of a Working Hypothesis: The Swaddling Hypothesis Chapter 3. Intragroup Interviewing: On thc Definition of Terms * The Chinese First Teacher * Sincerity Chapter 4. Relations between Men and Women: Has the Woman a Soul? * The Position of the Woman * Woman's Position Redefined Chapter 5. Themes in Italian Culture: A First Discussion PART IV: WORK WITH INFORMANTS A: Informants in Group Research Rhoda Métraux B: Three Illustrations of Written Work by Informants I. Polish Personality * Does Responsibility Mean Command? * Attitudes toward Various Parts of the Body * When Is a Pole Allowed to Be Soft? II. My Inner Self III. Russian Sensory Images * On the Sense of Touch * On the Sense of Smell * On the Sense of Hearing C: Ten Illustrations of Interviews with Informants I: Interview with a Syrian Woman: Life History II: Interview with a Syrian Man: Life History III: Interview with a Polish Peasant Woman: Parents and Children IV: Interview with a French Couple: Dyadic Relations in the Foyer V: nterview with a Young Frenchman: Friendship VI: Interview with a Chinese Scholar: Friendship VII: Interview with Two Jewish Men: Sheyneh and Prosteh Yiden VIII: Interview with Two Jewish Women: Sheyneh and Prosteh Yiden IX: Interview with a Russian Actor: Interpretation of Roles X: Interview with Four Russians: Images of Hate, Guilt, and Love PART V: WRITTEN AND ORAL LITERATURE Introduction Rhoda Métraux Chapter 1. Relations between Men and Women in Chinese Stories Virginia Heyer Chapter 2. The Image of the Leader in Soviet "Post-October Folklore Nelly Schargo Hoyt Chapter 3. A Russian Double Image Cluster: "Not-So: So" * The "Not-So: So" Images in Russian Folklore Nelly Schargo Hoyt * Rumor Cluster and Image Cluster: Detail from Group Discussion * Russian "Visual" Thinking Leopold H. Haimson Chapter 4. Trends in Affectlessness Nathan Leites PART VI: FILM ANALYSIS A: Movie Analysis in the Study of Culture Martha Wolfenstein B: Five Illustrations of Film Analysis Introduction Rhoda Métraux I: Notes on an Italian Film, The Tragic Hunt Martha Wolfenstein II: Notes on Two French Films * The Father Figure in Panique Jane Belo * Notes on La Belle et La Bête Geoffrey Gorer III: An Analysis of Seven Cantonese Films John Hast Weakland IV: An Analysis of the Soviet Film The Young Guard * Plot Summary Margaret Mead * Comparison of the Film and the Novel Vera Schwarz (Alexandrova) V: An Analysis of the Nazi Film Hltlerjunge Quex Gregory Bateson PART VII: PROJECTIVE TESTS A: The Use of Projective Tests in Group Research Margaret Mead B: Two Illustrations of the Use of Projective Tests with Chinese Subjects
* Visual Perception and Spatial Organization: A Study of Performance on the Horn-Hellersberg Test by Chinese Subjects Elisabeth F. Hellersberg * Some Aspects of Personality of Chinese as Revealed by the Rorschach Test Theodora M. Abel and Francis L. K. Hsu PART VIII: IMAGERY Resonance in Imagery Rhode Métraux PART IX: END LINKAGE: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH A: History of the Approach Margaret Mead B: Formulation of End Linkage Gregory Bateson C: Four Applications of End Linkage Analysis * Applications of End Linkage Formulations to Anglo-American * Relations in World War II Margaret Mead * Male Dominance in Thai Culture Ruth Benedict * Non-Reciprocity among East European Jews Natalie F. Joffe * A Note on the Spectator in French Culture Rhoda Métraux PART X: APPLICATIONS OF STUDIES OF CULTURE AT A DISTANCE A: Political Applications of Studies of Culture at a Distance Margaret Mead B: Seven Applications of Studies of Culture at a Distance * Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda Geoffrey Gorer * Some Problems of Cross-Cultural Communication between Britain and the United States: Based upon Lecturing in Britain and the United States during World War II Margaret Mead * History as It Appears to Rumanians Ruth Benedict * Courage: Cumulative Effects of Sacrifice Sula Benet * Chinese Family Images in International Affairs John Hast Weakland * The Soviet Style of Chess Leopold II. Haimson * The Soviet Image of Corruption Martha Wolfenstein APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Recommendations for the Organization of Group Research Margaret Mead Appendix B: A List of Participants in Columbia University Research in Contemporary Cultures and Successor Projects Bibliography Index
Preface Introduction PART I: INTRODUCTION The Study of Culture at a Distance Margaret Mead Chapter 1. The Purpose and Scope of This Manual Chapter 2. The Needed Skills and Their Place in Cultural Analysis Chapter 3. Theory and Practice * Theory and Methods Derived from Anthropology * Theory and Methods Derived from Other Disciplines Chapter 4. Anthropological Models for the Study of Culture at a Distance * The Single Informant * The Study of Living Communities PART II: NATIONAL CHARACTER National Character: Theory and Practice Geoffrey Gorer PART III: GROUP RESEARCH A: The Organization of Group Research Margaret Mead B: Five Illustrations of Groups at Work Introduction Rhoda Métraux Chapter 1. Formulation of a Working Hypothesis: French Dyadic Relationships Chapter 2. Formulation of a Working Hypothesis: The Swaddling Hypothesis Chapter 3. Intragroup Interviewing: On thc Definition of Terms * The Chinese First Teacher * Sincerity Chapter 4. Relations between Men and Women: Has the Woman a Soul? * The Position of the Woman * Woman's Position Redefined Chapter 5. Themes in Italian Culture: A First Discussion PART IV: WORK WITH INFORMANTS A: Informants in Group Research Rhoda Métraux B: Three Illustrations of Written Work by Informants I. Polish Personality * Does Responsibility Mean Command? * Attitudes toward Various Parts of the Body * When Is a Pole Allowed to Be Soft? II. My Inner Self III. Russian Sensory Images * On the Sense of Touch * On the Sense of Smell * On the Sense of Hearing C: Ten Illustrations of Interviews with Informants I: Interview with a Syrian Woman: Life History II: Interview with a Syrian Man: Life History III: Interview with a Polish Peasant Woman: Parents and Children IV: Interview with a French Couple: Dyadic Relations in the Foyer V: nterview with a Young Frenchman: Friendship VI: Interview with a Chinese Scholar: Friendship VII: Interview with Two Jewish Men: Sheyneh and Prosteh Yiden VIII: Interview with Two Jewish Women: Sheyneh and Prosteh Yiden IX: Interview with a Russian Actor: Interpretation of Roles X: Interview with Four Russians: Images of Hate, Guilt, and Love PART V: WRITTEN AND ORAL LITERATURE Introduction Rhoda Métraux Chapter 1. Relations between Men and Women in Chinese Stories Virginia Heyer Chapter 2. The Image of the Leader in Soviet "Post-October Folklore Nelly Schargo Hoyt Chapter 3. A Russian Double Image Cluster: "Not-So: So" * The "Not-So: So" Images in Russian Folklore Nelly Schargo Hoyt * Rumor Cluster and Image Cluster: Detail from Group Discussion * Russian "Visual" Thinking Leopold H. Haimson Chapter 4. Trends in Affectlessness Nathan Leites PART VI: FILM ANALYSIS A: Movie Analysis in the Study of Culture Martha Wolfenstein B: Five Illustrations of Film Analysis Introduction Rhoda Métraux I: Notes on an Italian Film, The Tragic Hunt Martha Wolfenstein II: Notes on Two French Films * The Father Figure in Panique Jane Belo * Notes on La Belle et La Bête Geoffrey Gorer III: An Analysis of Seven Cantonese Films John Hast Weakland IV: An Analysis of the Soviet Film The Young Guard * Plot Summary Margaret Mead * Comparison of the Film and the Novel Vera Schwarz (Alexandrova) V: An Analysis of the Nazi Film Hltlerjunge Quex Gregory Bateson PART VII: PROJECTIVE TESTS A: The Use of Projective Tests in Group Research Margaret Mead B: Two Illustrations of the Use of Projective Tests with Chinese Subjects
* Visual Perception and Spatial Organization: A Study of Performance on the Horn-Hellersberg Test by Chinese Subjects Elisabeth F. Hellersberg * Some Aspects of Personality of Chinese as Revealed by the Rorschach Test Theodora M. Abel and Francis L. K. Hsu PART VIII: IMAGERY Resonance in Imagery Rhode Métraux PART IX: END LINKAGE: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH A: History of the Approach Margaret Mead B: Formulation of End Linkage Gregory Bateson C: Four Applications of End Linkage Analysis * Applications of End Linkage Formulations to Anglo-American * Relations in World War II Margaret Mead * Male Dominance in Thai Culture Ruth Benedict * Non-Reciprocity among East European Jews Natalie F. Joffe * A Note on the Spectator in French Culture Rhoda Métraux PART X: APPLICATIONS OF STUDIES OF CULTURE AT A DISTANCE A: Political Applications of Studies of Culture at a Distance Margaret Mead B: Seven Applications of Studies of Culture at a Distance * Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda Geoffrey Gorer * Some Problems of Cross-Cultural Communication between Britain and the United States: Based upon Lecturing in Britain and the United States during World War II Margaret Mead * History as It Appears to Rumanians Ruth Benedict * Courage: Cumulative Effects of Sacrifice Sula Benet * Chinese Family Images in International Affairs John Hast Weakland * The Soviet Style of Chess Leopold II. Haimson * The Soviet Image of Corruption Martha Wolfenstein APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Recommendations for the Organization of Group Research Margaret Mead Appendix B: A List of Participants in Columbia University Research in Contemporary Cultures and Successor Projects Bibliography Index
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