The book reconstructs the logic of the problem of interaction of subject and culture in Russian psychology in the 20th century. The work solves the fundamental theoretical task of substantiating the necessity of introducing the term "culture" as an independent category in the conceptual system of psychology. The emergence and development of the cultural-historical concept is shown in the general logic of the development of Russian psychology in the 20th century. The scientific novelty of this work is represented by the fact that it for the first time presents previously unknown material from the archival fonds of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the Archive of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences relating to the creative heritage of L.S. Vygotsky, M.M. Rubinstein, A.F. Losev, A.V. Bakushinsky, G.G. Shpeth. The book is addressed to psychologists, culturologists and specialists in the history of humanitarian thought.