Jay M Goldberg, Victor J Wilson, Kathleen E Cullen

The Vestibular System

A Sixth Sense

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

The Vestibular System is an integrative loo takes an interactive look at the vestibular system and the neurobiology of balance. Written by eight leading experts and headed by Jay M. Goldberg, this book builds upon the classic by Victor Wilson and Geoffrey Melville Jones published over 25 years ago and takes a fresh new look at the vestibular system and the revolutionary advances that have been made in the field.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Hurst & Co.
• Seitenzahl: 560
• Erscheinungstermin: 23. Januar 2012
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 264mm x 186mm x 38mm
• Gewicht: 1212g
• ISBN-13: 9780195167085
• ISBN-10: 0195167082
• Artikelnr.: 33119703

Autorenporträt

Jay M. Goldberg, The Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.

Inhaltsangabe

I. Introduction
Chapter 1- The Vestibular System in Everyday Life
1.1 Overview of the vestibular system
1.2 Visual acuity and the vestibulo-ocular reflex
1.3 Air-righting reflex in the cat
1.4 Post-rotational reactions
1.5 Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN)
1.6 Motion sickness
1.7 Vection illusions
1.8 The subjective visual vertical
1.9 Adaptive plasticity
1.10 Path finding and spatial orientation
1.11 Postural control
1.12 Summary
1.13 Selected readings
II. Peripheral Vestibular System
Chapter 2 - Structure of the Vestibular Labyrinth
2.1 Gross and microscopic anatomy
2.2 Fine structure of the sensory regions
Hair cells
Supporting cells
Transitional regions
2.3 Regional variations in cellular architecture and afferent innervation
Cristae ampullares
Utricular macula
Saccular macula
2.4 Efferent innervation
2.5 Summary
2.6 Selected readings
Chapter 3- Hair Cell Transduction
3.1 Mechanoelectric transduction
3.2 Basolateral currents
3.3 Neurotransmitter release and presynaptic calcium
channels
Calcium channels
Neurotransmitter release.
3.4 Postsynaptic mechanisms
3.5 Synaptic transmission involving type I hair cells
3.6 Spike encoding
3.7 Efferent neurotransmission
3.8 Summary
3.9 Selected readings
Chapter 4- Physiology of the Vestibular Organs
4.1 General features of the vestibular organs
Vestibular organs are inertial sensors
Resting discharge
Discharge regularity
Information transmission
4.2 Semicircular canals
Directional properties
Macromechanics and the torsion-pendulum model
Interspecies variations and canal dimensions
Afferent response dynamics
Variations in gain and phase
Afferent morphology and physiology
Dynamic range of afferent discharge
4.3 Otolith organs
Directional properties
Macromechanics and the otoconial membrane
Afferent response dynamics
Dynamic range of afferent discharge
Variations in gain and phase
Afferent morphology and physiology
4.4 Summary
4.5 Selected readings
Chapter 5- The Efferent Vestibular System
5.1 Comparative anatomy of central efferent pathways
5.2 Responses of afferents to electrical stimulation of
EVS
Mammals.
Non-mammals
5.3 Responses of efferents to natural stimulation
5.4 Efferent-mediated responses of afferents
5.5 Possible functions of efferents in mammals
5.6 Summary
III. Central Vestibular System
Chapter 6 - Neuroanatomy of Central Vestibular Pathways
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The vestibular nuclei: subdivisions and anatomical
organization
Medial vestibular nucleus (MVN)
Lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN)
Superior vestibular nucleus (SVN)
Descending vestibular nucleus (DVN)
y group
Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve (INT8)
Associated cell groups (z, x, f, l,m)
Projection and intrinsic neurons
Connections with the ipsilateral vestibular nerve
Commissural pathways
6.3 Vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systems
Semicircular canal projections to oculomotor neurons
Otolith projections to oculomotor neurons
Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH)
Interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC)
Reticular formation
Optokinetic pathways
6.4 Vestibulospinal systems
Medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST)
Lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST)
Vestibulo-ocular cervical pathways (VOC)
Other vestibulospinal tracts
Spinal projections to the vestibular nuclei
6.5 Vestibulocerebellar relations
Basic circuitry
Vestibular projections to the cerebellum
Prepositus nucleus
Projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the
vestibular nuclei
Projections from the cerebellar cortex to the vestibular
nuclei
Cerebellar cortical modules
Lateral reticular nucleus
Vestibulo-paramedian tract projections
6.6 Vestibulo-autonomic connections
6.7 Vestibular connections with the neocortex
6.8 Pathways involving the hippocampal formation
6.9 Summary
6.10 Selected readings
6.11 List of abbreviations
Chapter 7 -Synaptic Mechanisms in the Vestibular Nuclei
7.1 Historical perspective
7.2 Basic circuitry of the vestibular nuclei
Ipsilateral vestibular nerve inputs
Commissural connections
7.3 Neurotransmitters in the vestibular nuclei
Transmission between the vestibular nerve and secondary
neurons
Transmission within the vestibular nucleus
Output pathways of the vestibular nuclei
7.4 Properties of individual neurons
Resting discharge
7.5 Central projections of regular and irregular afferents
Electrophysiological studies
Functional ablation of irregular afferents
7.6 Convergence from separate vestibular organs
Convergence from separate vestibular organs
Canal-canal convergence
Otolith-otolith convergence
Spatio-temporal convergence
Canal-otolith convergence
Convergence from somatosensory receptors
7.7 Summary
7.8 Selected readings
IV. Vestibulo-ocular and Vestibulopinal Mechanisms
Chapter 8 - An Oculomotor Tutorial
8.1 Overview and classification of eye movement types
8.2 Ocular structure and functional implications
The extraocular eye muscles.
Mechanics of the oculomotor plant
Oculomotor motoneuron discharge.
Plant mechanics and premotor control.
8.3 Gaze Redirection
Saccades
Smooth pursuit
Vergence
8.4 Gaze Stabilization
Vestibulo-ocular reflexes.
Optokinetic system.
8. 5 Interactions between eye and head movements
8.6 Summary
8.7 Selected readings
Chapter 9 -Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes
9.1. Semicircular-canal related angular VOR (AVOR)
General properties of the canal-related AVOR.
AVOR during high frequency rotations.
AVOR at low frequencies - velocity storage.
AVOR-visual interactions: the optokinetic system.
AVOR in three-dimensions.
9.2. Otolith-ocular reflexes
Tilt VOR.
Otolith influences on the AVOR during off-vertical axis
rotations (OVAR).
Otolith influences on the AVOR during canal/otolith
conflict.
Translational VOR (TVOR).
Optic flow during translation.
Visual mechanisms for short latency visual compensation
during translation.
Distinguishing tilts from translations.
Differences between the AVOR and the TVOR.
Functional differences: Foveal rather than full-field image
stabilization.
Dependence on viewing distance and eye position.
Response latency and neural pathways.
Comparative adaptation
9.3 Summary
9.4 Selected readings
Chapter 10-The Vestibulospinal System and Postural Control
10.1. Reflexes versus multisensory strategies
10.2 Multisensory strategies
10.3. Vestibular reflexes: general considerations
10.4 Vestibulocollic reflexes
The angular VCR.
The linear VCR evoked by translation and tilts.
The cervicocollic reflex
10.5. Control systems analysis of the head-neck plant.
Head plant.
Vestibulocollic reflex.
The cervicocollic reflex
Reflex interactions.
Use of control systems models
10.6. Vestibulospinal and neck reflexes acting on the
limbs
Spatial and temporal properties of the reflexes.
Afferent origin of the reflexes
Neural substrate of the reflexes.
Vestibulospinal actions on hindlimb motoneurons.
Vestibulospinal actions on forelimb motoneurons.
Tonic neck reflexes.
10.7 Summary
10.8 Selected readings
V. Signal Processing in Alert Animals
Chapter 11- Signal Processing in Vestibular Nuclei of Alert
Animals During Natural Behaviors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classes of neurons in head-restrained, alert monkeys
Position-vestibular-pause (PVP) neurons.
Vestibular-only (VO) and vestibular-pause cells.
Eye-head (EH) neurons.
Burst-tonic (BT) neurons.
11.3 Dynamics of neuronal responses
Frequency response during sinusoidal rotations
Response linearity
Velocity storage
11.4 Response to linear translations in alert
head-restrained monkeys
Distinguishing translational from tilt.
11.5 Interactions with the oculomotor pathways that control
pursuit eye movements
11.6 Integration of inputs from vestibular and optokinetic
pathways
VN modulation during the OKR
Optokinetic pathways to the VN.
11.7 Integration of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs
11.8 Differential processing of active versus passive head
movements
Neuronal responses during active versus passive head
movement.
Mechanisms for the differential processing of
actively-generated versus passive head movement.
11.9 Vestibular processing depends on current gaze
strategy.
Vestibular processing during voluntary gaze shifts.
Vestibular processing during visual tracking; VOR
cancellation and eye-head pursuit.
Vestibular processing during near versus far viewing.
11.10 Summary
11.11 Selected readings
Chapter 12 - The Cerebellum and the Vestibular System
12. 1 Overview of signal processing in the cerebellum
The basic cerebellar circuit
Vestibular inputs are specific to localized regions of the
cerebellum
12.2 Nodulus and Ventral Uvula
Mossy fiber inputs.
Climbing fiber inputs.
Efferent connections.
Neuronal responses
Lesions and function.
12.3 Flocculus and ventral paraflocculus
Mossy fiber inputs.
Climbing fiber inputs
Efferent projections of the flocculus.
Differences between the flocculus and ventral
paraflocculus
Neuronal responses.
Complex spikes:
Simple spikes.
Changes in neuronal responses following VOR learning
Lesions and function
Lesions studies emphasize the role of the flocculus in VOR
Adaptation and motor learning
12.4 The Vermis of the Anterior and Posterior Lobes
12.5 The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
Fastigial Nucleus.
Rostral fastigial nucleus
Caudal fastigial nucleus
The interposed nuclei.
Dentate nuclei.
12.6 Summary
12.7 Selected Readings
VI..Functional Considerations
Chapter 13 - Learning and Compensation in the Vestibular
System
13.1 Motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex
The adaptive capabilities of the VOR.
Signal flow in the VOR network.
Rules for the VOR and motor learning.
Possible sites of motor learning: cerebellum versus brain
stem
Evidence for sites of learning and memory.
Possible cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity
Cerebellar mechanisms
Brain stem mechanisms
Consolidation of VOR motor memory
Generalization: can learning be applied to new situations?^
13.2. Compensation for vestibular damage
Uninilateral labyrinthectomy
Activity in the vestibular nuclei following
labyrinthectomy
Cellular mechanisms of compensation in the vestibular
nuclei
The role of the cerebellum in compensation
13.3 Summary
13.4 Selected readings
Chapter 14-Cortical Representations of Vestibular
Information
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Historical Perspective
14.3. Multiple representations of vestibular signals in the
cerebral cortex.
Visuomotor areas in frontal cortex.
Extrastriate visual cortex (MSTd).
Ventral intraparietal (VIP) area
Parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC), area 2v and area
3a
14.4. Ascending vestibular pathways through the thalamus
14.5 Descending cortical information affecting vestibular
responsiveness in the vestibular nuclei
14.6. Vestibular influences in the head direction circuit of
the limbic system
14.7 Summary
14.8 Selected readings
Chapter 15-Reference Frames Used in the Coding Vestibular
Information
15.1. Definitions of coordinate systems and reference
frames
15.2. Head- versus body-centered reference frames:
Vestibular/neck proprioceptive interactions
15.3. Head- versus eye-centered reference frames for
self-motion perception: vestibular/visual interactions in
extrastriate visual cortex
15.4. Head- versus world-centered reference frames:
Canal/otolith convergence for inertial motion detection
15.5 Computational solution for the two ambiguities of peripheral
vestibular sensors
The rotation problem: allocentric coding of angular velocity
The linear acceleration problem: evidence for segregation of
tilt and translation
Tilt-translation exceptions
VII. Clinical Disorders
Chapter 16- Clinical Manifestations of Vestibular
Dysfunction
16.1 Prevalence and impact of vestibular disorders
16.2 Diagnosis of vestibular disorders
16.3 Planes of individual canals and direction of eye
movements
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Positional alcohol nystagmus
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome
16.4 Recovery of the horizontal VOR after unilateral
labyrinthectomy
16.5 Multisensory control of posture
16.6 Disorders of otolith function
16.7 Clinical tests of vestibular function
Caloric test
Rotational chair tests
Quantitative evaluation of the VOR evoked by rapid head
movements
Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs)
16.7 Future directions
Hair-cell regeneration
Vestibular prosthesis
16.8 Summary
16.9 Selected readings