This book mainly focuses on the current situation of timber harvesting and transport in Vietnam through the sustainability impact assessment using a set of sustainable indicators covering three aspects including economy, society and environment. Four typical systems of timber harvesting and transport are selected from both plantation and natural forest for the assessment. Based on the results of the assessment, the proposals are given to reduce the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the current activities in timber harvesting and transport towards more sustainability. An optimization with a higher and suitable level of mechanization is carried out for a typical system of harvesting and transport.