Arthur Schopenhauer articulated a rogue reality that contrasts with the intelligible (aristocratic) reality defined by Kant as the "thing in itself" and the quantifiable (bourgeois) reality embodied in the notion of energy. The rogue reality provided the brain model for Freud's later works, and the conceptual foundation for the "death drive" of Lacan's theory. The rogue reality is accompanied by a non-Cartesian dualism that is fundamental to the modernist impulse.
"S. P. Fullinwider has written another tremendously exciting and significant book in the history of ideas. Tracing the flow of thought from Kant through Freud, he characterizes the emergence of a 'rogue reality' - a profound and unsettling sense of forces beyond human control - as it emerged in European and American thought. Roguery clashed with an aristocratic Kantian view of reality as intelligible and with a bourgeoisie reality embodied in the modern concept of energy. Freud wrestled with all three traditions. The book is written clearly, gracefully, and persuasively. One can hardly ask for more." (Lawrence J. Friedman, Professor of History, Indiana University)