1. Introduction
A troubled relationship
Langue/parole
Signifier/signified
Paradigmatic and syntagmatic: word sets and collocations
Sociolinguistics and pragmatics
2. Sub-Word Components
Sound
Morphemes
Componential analysis
3. Semantics
Semantic fields
Word relations
Connotation
Word meaning and translation
4. Translation Techniques
Russian approaches (Shveitser and Retsker)
Translation as 'analogy'
Translation as 'adequacy'
Concretization
Logical derivation
Antonymic translation
Compensation
The view from Canada (Vinay and Darbelnet)
Borrowing
Calque
Literal translation
Transposition
Modulation
Équivalence
Adaptation
An American model (Malone)
Matching: Substitution and Equation
Zigzagging: Divergence and Convergence
Recrescence: Amplification and Reduction
Repackaging: Diffusion and Condensation
Reordering
Critique
5. Equivalence
Catford and textual equivalence
Kida and dynamic equivalence
Komissarov's sharp and fuzzy equivalence
6. Beyond the Word
Generative grammar
Shveitser: translation and rewriting rules
Malone and bridge building
7. Beyond the Sentence: Context and Register
Context
Communicative event and register
Register
Register and language user
Register and language use
Register in paractice
8. Text Structure
Theme/rheme and functional sentence perspective
Cohesion
Cohesion through repetition
Cohesion through ellipsis
Cohesion through reference
Parataxis and hypotaxis
Coherence
Translation as text
9. Text Functions
Language functions
Text functions and types
Reiss and the monofunctional approach
The multifunctional approach
Function-altering translation
Overt and covert translation
10. Sociolinguistics
11. Pragmatics
Presupposition
Speech acts
Implicature
12. Psycholinguistics
Relevance theory
Translation strategies
Conclusion and Perspectives
