With the increasing worldwide trend in population migration into urban centers, we are beginning to see the emergence of the kinds of mega-cities which were once the stuff of science fiction. It is clear to most urban planners and developers that accommodating the needs of the tens of millions of inhabitants of those megalopolises in an orderly and uninterrupted manner will require the seamless integration of and real-time monitoring and response services for public utilities and transportation systems. Part speculative look into the future of the world's urban centers, part technical…mehr
With the increasing worldwide trend in population migration into urban centers, we are beginning to see the emergence of the kinds of mega-cities which were once the stuff of science fiction. It is clear to most urban planners and developers that accommodating the needs of the tens of millions of inhabitants of those megalopolises in an orderly and uninterrupted manner will require the seamless integration of and real-time monitoring and response services for public utilities and transportation systems. Part speculative look into the future of the world's urban centers, part technical blueprint, this visionary book helps lay the groundwork for the communication networks and services on which tomorrow's "smart cities" will run. Written by a uniquely well-qualified author team, this book provides detailed insights into the technical requirements for the wireless sensor and actuator networks required to make smart cities a reality.
HUSSEIN T. MOUFTAH, PHD, is Canada Research Chair and Distinguished University Professor, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada. MELIKE EROL-KANTARCI, PHD, is Assistant Professor, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada. MUBASHIR HUSAIN REHMANI, PHD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxvii
SECTION I Communication Technologies for Smart Cities 1
1 Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios in Smart Cities 3 Mustafa Ozger, Oktay Cetinkaya and Ozgur B. Akan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Cognitive Radio 5
1.1.2 Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks 5
1.1.3 Energy Harvesting and Energy-Harvesting Sensor Networks 6
1.2 Motivations for Using Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios in Smart Cities 6
1.2.1 Motivations for Spectrum-Aware Communications 7
1.2.2 Motivations for Self-Sustaining Communications 7
1.3 Challenges Posed by Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios in Smart Cities 8
1.4 Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Internet of Things 9
1.4.1 Definition 9
1.4.2 Energy-Harvesting Methods in IoT 10
1.4.3 System Architecture 12
1.4.4 Integration of Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios with the Internet 13
1.5 A General Framework for EH-CRs in the Smart City 14
1.5.1 Operation Overview 14
1.5.2 Node Architecture 15
1.5.3 Network Architecture 16
1.5.4 Application Areas 17
1.6 Conclusion 18
References 18
2 LTE-D2D Communication for Power Distribution Grid: Resource Allocation for Time-Critical Applications 21 Leonardo D. Oliveira, Taufik Abrao and Ekram Hossain
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Communication Technologies for Power Distribution Grid 22
2.2.1 An Overview of Smart Grid Architecture 22
2.2.2 Communication Technologies for SG Applications Outside Substations 24
2.2.3 Communication Networks for SG 26
2.3 Overview of Communication Protocols Used in Power Distribution Networks 27
2.3.1 Modbus 27
2.3.2 IEC 60870 29
2.3.3 DNP3 31
2.3.4 IEC 61850 32
2.3.5 SCADA Protocols for Smart Grid: Existing State-of-the-Art 35
2.4 Power Distribution System: Distributed Automation Applications and Requirements 36
2.4.1 Distributed Automation Applications 36
2.4.1.1 Voltage/Var Control (VVC) 37
2.4.1.2 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDCIR) 38
2.4.2 Requirements for Distributed Automation Applications 39
2.5 Analysis of Data Flow in Power Distribution Grid 40
2.5.1 Model for Power Distribution Grid 40
2.5.2 IEC 61850 Traffic Model 42
2.5.2.1 Cyclic Data Flow 42
2.5.2.2 Stochastic Data Flow 45
2.5.2.3 Burst Data Flow 46
2.6 LTE-D2D for DA: Resource Allocation for Time-Critical Applications 47
2.6.1 Overview of LTE 47
2.6.2 IEC 61850 Protocols over LTE 48
2.6.2.1 Mapping MMS over LTE 49
2.6.2.2 Mapping GOOSE over LTE 50
2.6.3 Resource Allocation in uplink LTE-D2D for DA Applications 50
2.6.3.1 Problem Formulation 51
2.6.3.2 Scheduler Design 54
2.6.3.3 Numerical Evaluation 55
2.7 Conclusion 60
References 61
3 5G and Cellular Networks in the Smart Grid 69 Jimmy Jessen Nielsen, Ljupco Jorguseski, Haibin Zhang, Hervé Ganem, Ziming Zhu and Petar Popovski
3.1 Introduction 69
3.1.1 Massive MTC 70
3.1.2 Mission-Critical MTC 70
3.1.3 Secure Mission-Critical MTC 71
3.2 From Power Grid to Smart Grid 71
3.3 Smart Grid Communication Requirements 74
3.3.1 Traffic Models and Requirements 74
3.4 Unlicensed Spectrum and Non-3GPP Technologies for the Support of Smart Grid 76
3.4.1 IEEE 802.11ah 76
3.4.2 Sigfox's Ultra-Narrow Band (UNB) Approach 79
SECTION I Communication Technologies for Smart Cities 1
1 Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios in Smart Cities 3 Mustafa Ozger, Oktay Cetinkaya and Ozgur B. Akan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Cognitive Radio 5
1.1.2 Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks 5
1.1.3 Energy Harvesting and Energy-Harvesting Sensor Networks 6
1.2 Motivations for Using Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios in Smart Cities 6
1.2.1 Motivations for Spectrum-Aware Communications 7
1.2.2 Motivations for Self-Sustaining Communications 7
1.3 Challenges Posed by Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios in Smart Cities 8
1.4 Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Internet of Things 9
1.4.1 Definition 9
1.4.2 Energy-Harvesting Methods in IoT 10
1.4.3 System Architecture 12
1.4.4 Integration of Energy-Harvesting Cognitive Radios with the Internet 13
1.5 A General Framework for EH-CRs in the Smart City 14
1.5.1 Operation Overview 14
1.5.2 Node Architecture 15
1.5.3 Network Architecture 16
1.5.4 Application Areas 17
1.6 Conclusion 18
References 18
2 LTE-D2D Communication for Power Distribution Grid: Resource Allocation for Time-Critical Applications 21 Leonardo D. Oliveira, Taufik Abrao and Ekram Hossain
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Communication Technologies for Power Distribution Grid 22
2.2.1 An Overview of Smart Grid Architecture 22
2.2.2 Communication Technologies for SG Applications Outside Substations 24
2.2.3 Communication Networks for SG 26
2.3 Overview of Communication Protocols Used in Power Distribution Networks 27
2.3.1 Modbus 27
2.3.2 IEC 60870 29
2.3.3 DNP3 31
2.3.4 IEC 61850 32
2.3.5 SCADA Protocols for Smart Grid: Existing State-of-the-Art 35
2.4 Power Distribution System: Distributed Automation Applications and Requirements 36
2.4.1 Distributed Automation Applications 36
2.4.1.1 Voltage/Var Control (VVC) 37
2.4.1.2 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDCIR) 38
2.4.2 Requirements for Distributed Automation Applications 39
2.5 Analysis of Data Flow in Power Distribution Grid 40
2.5.1 Model for Power Distribution Grid 40
2.5.2 IEC 61850 Traffic Model 42
2.5.2.1 Cyclic Data Flow 42
2.5.2.2 Stochastic Data Flow 45
2.5.2.3 Burst Data Flow 46
2.6 LTE-D2D for DA: Resource Allocation for Time-Critical Applications 47
2.6.1 Overview of LTE 47
2.6.2 IEC 61850 Protocols over LTE 48
2.6.2.1 Mapping MMS over LTE 49
2.6.2.2 Mapping GOOSE over LTE 50
2.6.3 Resource Allocation in uplink LTE-D2D for DA Applications 50
2.6.3.1 Problem Formulation 51
2.6.3.2 Scheduler Design 54
2.6.3.3 Numerical Evaluation 55
2.7 Conclusion 60
References 61
3 5G and Cellular Networks in the Smart Grid 69 Jimmy Jessen Nielsen, Ljupco Jorguseski, Haibin Zhang, Hervé Ganem, Ziming Zhu and Petar Popovski
3.1 Introduction 69
3.1.1 Massive MTC 70
3.1.2 Mission-Critical MTC 70
3.1.3 Secure Mission-Critical MTC 71
3.2 From Power Grid to Smart Grid 71
3.3 Smart Grid Communication Requirements 74
3.3.1 Traffic Models and Requirements 74
3.4 Unlicensed Spectrum and Non-3GPP Technologies for the Support of Smart Grid 76
3.4.1 IEEE 802.11ah 76
3.4.2 Sigfox's Ultra-Narrow Band (UNB) Approach 79
3.4.
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