Bikramjit Basu, Mitjan Kalin

Tribology of Ceramics and Composites

A Materials Science Perspective

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Explore the principles of friction, lubrication, and wear from a materials science perspective Any engineered product assembly, wherein one material slides over or rubs against another is affected by complex tribological interactions, and understanding the science behind these interactions is essential for anyone working to improve the efficacy of new materials and manufacturing technologies. Tribology of Ceramics and Composites provides a rigorous study of how materials science can be used to understand, explore, and harness these interactions. Including introductory chapters on the fundamentals, processing, and applications of tribology, the book is designed primarily to provide students and practicing scientists with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of the nature and properties of ceramic and composite materials as well as the friction and wear of structural ceramics in unlubricated, water-lubricated, and cryogenic environments. This book also includes thematic sections on tribological properties of bioceramics, biocomposites, and nanoceramics, as well as lightweight composites. "Ceramics and composites represent an important class of engineering materials. The authors are commended for an excellent compilation that brings together some of the fundamental issues and applications of this class of materials as related to their tribological properties." --Dr. Said Jahanmir, Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc., Albany, NY, USA "This book very well describes attractive tribo-properties of ceramics and composites with fundamentals of friction and wear and many examples of modern applications. Students, engineers, and researchers will find this book very useful for understanding the present state of the tribology of ceramics and composites and as an introduction to modern high-tech needs." --Prof. Koji Kato, Tohoku University and Nihon University, Japan With Forewords by Profs. Ian Hutchings and K. H. Zum Gahr

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 550
• Erscheinungstermin: 11. Oktober 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 242mm x 164mm x 35mm
• Gewicht: 902g
• ISBN-13: 9780470522639
• ISBN-10: 0470522631
• Artikelnr.: 33608479

Autorenporträt

Bikramjit Basu, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (on leave) and currently at the Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Mitjan Kalin, PhD, is Professor and Head of the Centre for Tribology and Technical Diagnostics at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, where he is also Vice-Dean for Research and International Affairs in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

Inhaltsangabe

PREFACE xvii
FOREWORD BY PROF. IAN HUTCHINGS xxi
FOREWORD BY PROF. KARL-HEINZ ZUM GAHR xxiii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv
SECTION I FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3
References 6
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW: TRIBOLOGICAL MATERIALS 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Definition and Classification of Ceramics 8
2.3 Properties of Structural Ceramics 9
2.4 Applications of Structural Ceramics 11
2.5 Closing Remarks 14
References 16
CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 18
3.1 Theory of Brittle Fracture 18
3.2 Cracking in Brittle Materials 23
3.3 Definition and Measurement of Basic Mechanical Properties 24
3.4 Toughening Mechanisms 33
3.5 Closing Remarks 37
References 37
CHAPTER 4 SURFACES AND CONTACTS 39
4.1 Surface Roughness 39
4.2 Surface Topography and Asperities 41
4.3 Real Contact Area 42
4.4 Contact Load Distribution and Hertzian Stresses 44
4.5 Closing Remarks 47
References 48
CHAPTER 5 FRICTION 49
5.1 Introduction 49
5.2 Laws of Friction 49
5.3 Friction Mechanisms 51
5.4 Friction of Common Engineering Materials 54
5.5 Closing Remarks 58
References 59
CHAPTER 6 FRICTIONAL HEATING AND CONTACT TEMPERATURE 60
6.1 Tribological Process and Contact Temperature 60
6.2 Concept of "Bulk" and "Flash" Temperature 61
6.3 Importance and Relevance of Some Ready-to-Use Analytical Models 63
6.4 Review of Some Frequently Employed Ready-to-Use Models 64
References 68
CHAPTER 7 WEAR MECHANISMS 70
7.1 Introduction 70
7.2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms 72
7.3 Closing Remarks 98
References 99
CHAPTER 8 LUBRICATION 101
8.1 Lubrication Regimes 101
8.2 Stribeck Curve 107
References 109
SECTION II FRICTION AND WEAR OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS
CHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW: STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 113
9.1 Introduction 113
9.2 Zirconia Crystal Structures and Transformation Characteristics of
Tetragonal Zirconia 114
9.3 Transformation Toughening 116
9.4 Stabilization of Tetragonal Zirconia 117
9.5 Different Factors Infl uencing Transformation Toughening 118
9.6 Stress-Induced Microcracking 125
9.7 Development of SiAlON Ceramics 126
9.8 Microstructure of S-sialon Ceramics 127
9.9 Mechanical Properties and Crack Bridging of SiAlON Ceramic 129
9.10 Properties of Titanium Diboride Ceramics 132
References 138
CHAPTER 10 CASE STUDY: TRANSFORMATION-TOUGHENED ZIRCONIA 142
10.1 Background 142
10.2 Wear Resistance 144
10.3 Morphological Characterization of the Worn Surfaces 146
10.4 Zirconia Phase Transformation and Wear Behavior 149
10.5 Wear Mechanisms 152
10.6 Relationship among Microstructure, Toughness, and Wear 154
10.7 Infl uence of Humidity on Tribological Properties of Self-Mated
Zirconia 156
10.8 Wear Mechanisms in Different Humidity 157
10.9 Tribochemical Wear in High Humidity 160
10.10 Closing Remarks 163
References 164
CHAPTER 11 CASE STUDY: SIALON CERAMICS 167
11.1 Introduction 167
11.2 Materials and Experiments 168
11.3 Tribological Properties of Compositionally Tailored Sialon versus
ß-Sialon 172
11.4 Tribological Properties of S-Sialon Ceramic 179
11.5 Concluding Remarks 182
References 183
CHAPTER 12 CASE STUDY: MAX PHASE-TI3SIC2 185
12.1 Background 185
12.2 Frictional Behavior 188
12.3 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 188
12.4 Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis 190
12.5 Transition in Wear Mechanisms 193
12.6 Summary 194
References 195
CHAPTER 13 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM DIBORIDE CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES 197
13.1 Introduction 197
13.2 Materials and Experiments 198
13.3 Tribological Properties of TiB2-MoSi2 Ceramics 200
13.4 Tribological Properties of TiB2-TiSi2 Ceramics 204
13.5 Closing Remarks 206
References 208
SECTION III FRICTION AND WEAR OF BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES
CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW: BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES 213
14.1 Introduction 213
14.2 Some Useful Definitions and Their Implications 215
14.3 Experimental Evaluation of Biocompatibility 217
14.4 Wear of Implants 221
14.5 Coating on Metals 223
14.6 Glass-Ceramics 224
14.7 Biocompatible Ceramics 226
14.8 Outlook 228
References 229
CHAPTER 15 CASE STUDY: POLYMER-CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 233
15.1 Introduction 233
15.2 Materials and Experiments 235
15.3 Frictional Behavior 237
15.4 Wear-Resistance Properties 240
15.5 Wear Mechanisms 242
15.6 Correlation among Wear Resistance, Wear Mechanisms, Material
Properties, and Contact Pressure 247
15.7 Concluding Remarks 248
References 249
CHAPTER 16 CASE STUDY: NATURAL TOOTH AND DENTAL RESTORATIVE MATERIALS 251
16.1 Introduction 251
16.2 Materials and Methods 254
16.3 Tribological Tests on Tooth Material 255
16.4 Production and Characterization of Glass-Ceramics 255
16.5 Wear Experiments on Glass-Ceramics 256
16.6 Microstructure and Hardness of Human Tooth Material 257
16.7 Tribological Properties of Human Tooth Material 260
16.8 Wear Properties of Glass-Ceramics 262
16.9 Discussion of Wear Mechanisms of Glass-Ceramics 266
16.10 Comparison with Existing Glass-Ceramic Materials 271
16.11 Concluding Remarks 273
References 274
CHAPTER 17 CASE STUDY: GLASS-INFILTRATED ALUMINA 276
17.1 Introduction 276
17.2 Materials and Experiments 277
17.3 Frictional Properties 278
17.4 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 278
17.5 Wear Debris Analysis and Tribochemical Reactions 282
17.6 Influence of Glass Infi ltration on Wear Properties 283
17.7 Concluding Remarks 284
References 285
CHAPTER 18 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 287
18.1 Background 287
18.2 Tribological Properties of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite 288
18.3 Friction and Wear Rate 288
18.4 Concluding Remarks 298
References 302
SECTION IV FRICTION AND WEAR OF NANOCERAMICS
CHAPTER 19 OVERVIEW: NANOCERAMIC COMPOSITES 307
19.1 Introduction 307
19.2 Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics 309
19.3 Overview of Developed Nanoceramics and Ceramic Nanocomposites 309
19.4 Overview of Tribological Properties of Ceramic Nanocomposites 318
19.5 Concluding Remarks 320
References 322
CHAPTER 20 CASE STUDY: NANOCRYSTALLINE YTTRIA-STABILIZED TETRAGONAL
ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS 325
20.1 Introduction 325
20.2 Materials and Experiments 327
20.3 Tribological Properties 329
20.4 Tribomechanical Wear of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanoceramic with
Varying Yttria Dopant 330
20.5 Comparison with Other Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics 335
20.6 Concluding Remarks 335
References 336
CHAPTER 21 CASE STUDY: NANOSTRUCTURED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE-ZIRCONIA
NANOCOMPOSITES 338
21.1 Introduction 338
21.2 Materials and Experiments 339
21.3 Friction and Wear Characteristics 340
21.4 Wear Mechanisms 345
21.5 Explanation of High Wear Resistance of Ceramic Nanocomposites 347
21.6 Concluding Remarks 349
References 349
SECTION V LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITES AND CERMETS
CHAPTER 22 OVERVIEW: LIGHTWEIGHT METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES AND CERMETS 353
22.1 Development of Metal Matrix Composites 353
22.2 Development of Cermets 356
References 358
CHAPTER 23 CASE STUDY: MAGNESIUM-SILICON CARBIDE PARTICULATEREINFORCED
COMPOSITES 362
23.1 Introduction 362
23.2 Materials and Experiments 363
23.3 Load-Dependent Friction and Wear Properties 363
23.4 Fretting-Duration-Dependent Tribological Properties 366
23.5 Tribochemical Wear of Magnesium-Silicon Carbide Particulate-Reinforced
Composites 371
23.6 Concluding Remarks 375
References 376
CHAPTER 24 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE-NICKELBASED CERMETS 377
24.1 Introduction 377
24.2 Materials and Experiments 379
24.3 Energy Dissipation and Abrasion at Low Load 381
24.4 Influence of Type of Secondary Carbides on Sliding Wear of Titanium
Carbonitride-Nickel Cermets 386
24.5 Tribochemical Wear of Titanium Carbonitride-Based Cermets 387
24.6 Influence of Tungsten Carbide Content on Load-Dependent Sliding Wear
Properties 393
24.7 High Temperature Wear of Titanium Carbonitride-Nickel Cermets 397
24.8 Summary of Key Results 403
References 404
CHAPTER 25 CASE STUDY: (W,Ti)C-CO CERMETS 407
25.1 Introduction 407
25.2 Materials and Experiments 408
25.3 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 409
25.4 Wear Properties 410
25.5 Correlation between Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance 413
25.6 Concluding Remarks 418
References 419
SECTION VI FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 26 OVERVIEW: CRYOGENIC WEAR PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 423
26.1 Background 423
26.2 Designing a High-Speed Cryogenic Wear Tester 425
26.3 Summary of Results Obtained with Ductile Metals 427
26.4 Summary 437
References 437
CHAPTER 27 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF ALUMINA IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT
439
27.1 Background 439
27.2 Materials and Experiments 440
27.3 Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Alumina 442
27.4 Genesis of Tribological Behavior in a Cryogenic Environment 449
27.5 Concluding Remarks 452
References 452
CHAPTER 28 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SELF-MATED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA
CERAMICS IN LIQUID NITROGEN 454
28.1 Introduction 454
28.2 Materials and Experiments 456
28.3 Friction of Self-Mated Y-TZP Material in LN2 456
28.4 Cryogenic Wear of Zirconia 459
28.5 Cryogenic Sliding-Induced Zirconia Phase Transformation 460
28.6 Wear Mechanisms of Zirconia in LN2 464
28.7 Concluding Remarks 466
References 467
CHAPTER 29 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SILICON CARBIDE IN A CRYOGENIC
ENVIRONMENT 469
29.1 Introduction 469
29.2 Materials and Experiments 470
29.3 Friction and Wear Properties 470
29.4 Thermal Aspect and Limited Tribochemical Wear 473
29.5 Tribomechanical Stress-Assisted Deformation and Damage 479
29.6 Comparison with Sliding Wear Properties of Oxide Ceramics 481
29.7 Concluding Remarks 482
References 483
SECTION VII WATER-LUBRICATED WEAR OF CERAMICS
CHAPTER 30 FRICTION AND WEAR OF OXIDE CERAMICS IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT
487
30.1 Background 487
30.2 Tribological Behavior of Alumina in an Aqueous Solution 488
30.3 Tribological Behavior of Self-Mated Zirconia in an Aqueous Environment
493
30.4 Concluding Remarks 499
References 500
SECTION VIII CLOSURE
CHAPTER 31 PERSPECTIVE FOR DESIGNING MATERIALS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS 505
INDEX 509