Enables students to understand, apply, and retain key concepts in general chemistry Understanding Essential Chemistry offers a unique and approachable supplement to standard general chemistry textbooks, designed specifically to aid students in mastering fundamental principles. Drawing on extensive classroom experience, chemistry professor Max Diem presents key concepts in an uninterrupted flow, allowing students to follow a clear and straightforward path to comprehension. With a logical, algebraic framework, the book is structured to build students' confidence by breaking down complex topics…mehr
Enables students to understand, apply, and retain key concepts in general chemistry Understanding Essential Chemistry offers a unique and approachable supplement to standard general chemistry textbooks, designed specifically to aid students in mastering fundamental principles. Drawing on extensive classroom experience, chemistry professor Max Diem presents key concepts in an uninterrupted flow, allowing students to follow a clear and straightforward path to comprehension. With a logical, algebraic framework, the book is structured to build students' confidence by breaking down complex topics into manageable pieces and encouraging critical thinking at every step. Aimed at STEM majors, this book includes checkpoints with example problems and final answers to reinforce concepts and promote independent problem-solving skills. By methodically emphasizing basic understanding, this hands-on guide gives students the tools to grasp the core chemistry principles necessary for success in their courses, labs, and future studies. A must-have "survival guide" to boost student confidence in the subject, the text: * Presents chemistry concepts in a streamlined, continuous format for easier comprehension and retention * Encourages independent critical thinking with targeted example problems with provided solutions * Supports any primary general chemistry textbook, making it adaptable for various curricula * Allows students to assess their understanding at key points in the material * Includes additional math tutorials in the Chapter for students needing a refresher in essential mathematical skills This guide is an essential supplement for undergraduate first-year Chemistry courses for STEM majors, especially those in pre-medical, engineering, and science programs.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Max Diem, PhD, FSAS, was based in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Northeastern University in Boston. He did his first degree at the University of Karlsruhe and then his PhD at the University of Toledo in OH. From 1978 to 2005, he rose through the ranks from Assistant Professor to Professor of Chemistry at the City University of New York (Hunter College) before moving to Northeastern University. His research interests are centered on the development of physical / optical methods for medical diagnosis in tissue diagnostics.
Inhaltsangabe
Prologue xi 1 The Metric System and Mathematical Tools 1 1.1 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures 1 1.2 The Metric System 2 1.3 Manipulations of Exponential Expressions 4 1.4 Equations, Proportionality, and Graphs 5 1.5 Quadratic, Cubic, and Quartic Equations 7 1.6 Exponential Functions and Logarithms 8 1.7 Radial and Spherical Polar Coordinates 11 1.8 Differential and Integral Calculus 12 1.9 Differential Equations 14 1.10 Complex Numbers 15 2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic System 17 2.1 Subatomic Particles and Atoms 17 2.2 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions 18 2.3 The Periodic Chart and Periodic Properties of the Elements 21 2.4 Definition of Atomic Masses, Avogadro's Number, and the Mole 26 Further Reading 28 3 Molecules, Compounds, Bonding, and Percent Composition 29 3.1 Ionic Compounds 29 3.2 Molecules with Covalent Bonds 30 3.3 Molecules with Polar Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures 31 3.4 Molecular Compounds and the (Gram) Molecular Mass 37 3.5 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulae 38 Further Reading 39 4 Chemical Reactions 41 4.1 Chemical Reaction and Stoichiometry 41 4.2 Limiting Reagents, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 42 4.3 Solutions: General Aspects 43 4.4 Solution Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction, Dilutions 45 4.5 Precipitation Reactions 47 Further Reading 49 5 Electronic Structure of Atoms 51 5.1 Description of Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 51 5.2 Particle Properties of Light and Wave-particle Duality 52 5.3 The Hydrogen Atom Emission Spectrum: Stationary Atomic States 55 5.4 Hydrogen Atom Orbitals 58 5.5 Atoms with Multiple Electrons: The Aufbau Principle Revisited 62 Further Reading 67 6 Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonding, Molecular Geometries, and Polarity 69 6.1 General Aspects of Covalent Bonding 69 6.2 Lewis and VB Theory 69 6.3 Hybridization and Multiple Bonding 70 6.4 VSEPR Model 73 6.5 Molecular Polarity 75 6.6 MO Theory 76 Further Reading 81 7 Solids and Liquids: Bonding and Characteristics 83 7.1 Metals and Semiconductors 83 7.2 Ionic Solids 85 7.3 Covalent Solids 86 7.4 Intermolecular Forces 87 7.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding 87 7.4.2 Dipole-Dipole Interactions 88 7.4.3 London Dispersion Forces (Induced Dipole Forces) 89 7.5 Macromolecular Solids 89 7.6 Liquids and Solutions 90 7.6.1 General Aspects of Solutions and Solvation 90 7.6.2 Colligative Properties 90 Further Reading 93 8 The Gaseous State 95 8.1 General Properties of Gases 95 8.2 Empirical Gas Laws 97 8.3 The Ideal Gas Law 99 8.4. Real Gases 100 8.5. Gaseous Mixtures and Partial Pressures 101 8.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases 102 8.7 Diffusion and Effusion of Gases 104 Further Reading 106 9 Chemical Equilibrium 107 9.1 What Is a System "at Equilibrium"? 107 9.2 Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibrium: Vapor Pressure 108 9.3 Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure 110 9.4 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 113 9.5 Equilibrium Calculations 115 9.6 Direction of a Chemical Reaction and the Concentration Quotient Q 119 9.7 Numerical Determination of Equilibrium Constants from Experimental Data 119 9.8 Perturbations of Equilibria: Le Chatelier's Principle 120 9.9 Solubility and Solubility Product 122 9.9.1 The Solubility Product Constant, Ksp 123 9.9.2 Solubility Calculations 123 9.9.3 Common Ion Effect 124 9.9.4 Experimental Determination of Ksp 125 9.9.5 Precipitation Reactions 126 Further Reading 127 10 Acids and Bases 129 10.1 What Are Acids/Bases? 129 10.2 Strong Acids and Bases; Definition of pH and pOH 130 10.3 Weak Acids/Bases 131 10.4 The Relationship Between pH and pOH: Self-dissociation of Water 134 10.5 Common Ion Effect 135 10.6 Acidic and Basic Salts 136 10.7 Buffers 138 10.8 Acid-Base Titrations 140 10.8.1 Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base 141 10.8.2 Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base 143 10.8.3 Acid-Base Indicators 145 Further Reading 146 11 Thermodynamics: Energy, Energy Conversions, and Spontaneity 147 11.1 Energetics of Chemical Reactions 147 11.2 Thermochemistry 147 11.2.1 Definition of Energy, Work, and Heat 147 11.2.2 Calorimetry: Measurement of Heat Flow 150 11.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 152 11.4 State Functions 153 11.5 Definition of Enthalpy 153 11.6 Hess' Law and Reaction Enthalpies 154 11.6.1 Enthalpy of Crystal Formation: Lattice Energy of MgO 156 11.7 Enthalpy of Phase Transitions 157 11.8 Entropy 158 11.8.1 Entropy and Probability 161 11.8.2 Entropy and Heat Flow 162 11.8.3 Entropy as an Indicator of Energy Exhaustion 163 11.9 Free Enthalpy 164 11.10 Free Enthalpy and Equilibrium 165 Further Reading 168 12 Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions and Electrochemistry 169 12.1 Oxidation State and Oxidation Numbers: Balancing Redox Equations 170 12.2 Galvanic Cells, Electric Work, and Electromotive Force 173 12.3 Batteries 177 12.3.1 Alkaline Dry Cell (AA Battery) 177 12.3.2 Lead-Acid Battery 178 12.3.3 Lithium-ion Battery 180 12.4 Relationship Between Cell Potential and Free Enthalpy 181 12.5 Concentration and Temperature Dependence of EMF 181 Further Reading 183 13 Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms 185 13.1 Scope of Kinetics Discussion 185 13.2 Elementary Steps and Chemical Reactions 185 13.2.1 Kinetic Model of Chemical Reactions 185 13.2.2 Basics of Chemical Kinetics: Rate Law and Rate Constant 187 13.2.3 Time Dependence of the Reaction Rate 188 13.2.4 Integrated Rate Law 189 13.3 Rates of Multistep Reactions, and Equilibria 191 13.4 Reaction Rates for Reactions That Are Nonlinear in Concentrations 194 13.5 Reaction Path and Catalysis 195 Further Reading 198 14 Nuclear Reactions 199 14.1 Nuclear Reactions and Transmutations 199 14.2 The Structure of Atomic Nuclei 199 14.3 Radioactive Decay and Decay Chains 200 14.3.1 -Decay 200 14.3.2 ß-Decay 200 14.3.3 -Emission ( -Decay) 201 14.3.4 Positron Emission 202 14.3.5 Nuclear Decay Chains 202 14.3.6 Nuclear Dating 203 14.4 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 204 14.4.1 Nuclear Binding Energy 205 14.4.2 Nuclear Fusion 205 14.4.3 Nuclear Fission 206 Further Reading 207 15 Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry, Spectroscopy, and Structural Chemistry 209 15.1 Wavefunctions and the 1D and 2D Particle in a Box 209 15.2 Spherical Harmonics, Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions, and Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals 213 15.3 Atomic Energy Levels and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 217 15.4 Molecular Energy Levels, Spectroscopy, and Structural Methods 219 15.4.1 Electronic Energy Levels and UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy 219 15.4.2 Vibrational Energy Levels and Infrared Spectroscopy 221 15.4.3 Rotational Energy Levels and Microwave Spectroscopy 225 15.4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 226 15.4.5 X-ray Diffraction 228 15.5 Mass Spectrometry 230 Further Reading 230 Epilogue 231 Appendix 233 List of Constants 233 List of Abbreviations and Symbols 234 Index 000
Prologue xi 1 The Metric System and Mathematical Tools 1 1.1 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures 1 1.2 The Metric System 2 1.3 Manipulations of Exponential Expressions 4 1.4 Equations, Proportionality, and Graphs 5 1.5 Quadratic, Cubic, and Quartic Equations 7 1.6 Exponential Functions and Logarithms 8 1.7 Radial and Spherical Polar Coordinates 11 1.8 Differential and Integral Calculus 12 1.9 Differential Equations 14 1.10 Complex Numbers 15 2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic System 17 2.1 Subatomic Particles and Atoms 17 2.2 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions 18 2.3 The Periodic Chart and Periodic Properties of the Elements 21 2.4 Definition of Atomic Masses, Avogadro's Number, and the Mole 26 Further Reading 28 3 Molecules, Compounds, Bonding, and Percent Composition 29 3.1 Ionic Compounds 29 3.2 Molecules with Covalent Bonds 30 3.3 Molecules with Polar Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures 31 3.4 Molecular Compounds and the (Gram) Molecular Mass 37 3.5 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulae 38 Further Reading 39 4 Chemical Reactions 41 4.1 Chemical Reaction and Stoichiometry 41 4.2 Limiting Reagents, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 42 4.3 Solutions: General Aspects 43 4.4 Solution Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction, Dilutions 45 4.5 Precipitation Reactions 47 Further Reading 49 5 Electronic Structure of Atoms 51 5.1 Description of Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 51 5.2 Particle Properties of Light and Wave-particle Duality 52 5.3 The Hydrogen Atom Emission Spectrum: Stationary Atomic States 55 5.4 Hydrogen Atom Orbitals 58 5.5 Atoms with Multiple Electrons: The Aufbau Principle Revisited 62 Further Reading 67 6 Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonding, Molecular Geometries, and Polarity 69 6.1 General Aspects of Covalent Bonding 69 6.2 Lewis and VB Theory 69 6.3 Hybridization and Multiple Bonding 70 6.4 VSEPR Model 73 6.5 Molecular Polarity 75 6.6 MO Theory 76 Further Reading 81 7 Solids and Liquids: Bonding and Characteristics 83 7.1 Metals and Semiconductors 83 7.2 Ionic Solids 85 7.3 Covalent Solids 86 7.4 Intermolecular Forces 87 7.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding 87 7.4.2 Dipole-Dipole Interactions 88 7.4.3 London Dispersion Forces (Induced Dipole Forces) 89 7.5 Macromolecular Solids 89 7.6 Liquids and Solutions 90 7.6.1 General Aspects of Solutions and Solvation 90 7.6.2 Colligative Properties 90 Further Reading 93 8 The Gaseous State 95 8.1 General Properties of Gases 95 8.2 Empirical Gas Laws 97 8.3 The Ideal Gas Law 99 8.4. Real Gases 100 8.5. Gaseous Mixtures and Partial Pressures 101 8.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases 102 8.7 Diffusion and Effusion of Gases 104 Further Reading 106 9 Chemical Equilibrium 107 9.1 What Is a System "at Equilibrium"? 107 9.2 Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibrium: Vapor Pressure 108 9.3 Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure 110 9.4 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 113 9.5 Equilibrium Calculations 115 9.6 Direction of a Chemical Reaction and the Concentration Quotient Q 119 9.7 Numerical Determination of Equilibrium Constants from Experimental Data 119 9.8 Perturbations of Equilibria: Le Chatelier's Principle 120 9.9 Solubility and Solubility Product 122 9.9.1 The Solubility Product Constant, Ksp 123 9.9.2 Solubility Calculations 123 9.9.3 Common Ion Effect 124 9.9.4 Experimental Determination of Ksp 125 9.9.5 Precipitation Reactions 126 Further Reading 127 10 Acids and Bases 129 10.1 What Are Acids/Bases? 129 10.2 Strong Acids and Bases; Definition of pH and pOH 130 10.3 Weak Acids/Bases 131 10.4 The Relationship Between pH and pOH: Self-dissociation of Water 134 10.5 Common Ion Effect 135 10.6 Acidic and Basic Salts 136 10.7 Buffers 138 10.8 Acid-Base Titrations 140 10.8.1 Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base 141 10.8.2 Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base 143 10.8.3 Acid-Base Indicators 145 Further Reading 146 11 Thermodynamics: Energy, Energy Conversions, and Spontaneity 147 11.1 Energetics of Chemical Reactions 147 11.2 Thermochemistry 147 11.2.1 Definition of Energy, Work, and Heat 147 11.2.2 Calorimetry: Measurement of Heat Flow 150 11.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 152 11.4 State Functions 153 11.5 Definition of Enthalpy 153 11.6 Hess' Law and Reaction Enthalpies 154 11.6.1 Enthalpy of Crystal Formation: Lattice Energy of MgO 156 11.7 Enthalpy of Phase Transitions 157 11.8 Entropy 158 11.8.1 Entropy and Probability 161 11.8.2 Entropy and Heat Flow 162 11.8.3 Entropy as an Indicator of Energy Exhaustion 163 11.9 Free Enthalpy 164 11.10 Free Enthalpy and Equilibrium 165 Further Reading 168 12 Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions and Electrochemistry 169 12.1 Oxidation State and Oxidation Numbers: Balancing Redox Equations 170 12.2 Galvanic Cells, Electric Work, and Electromotive Force 173 12.3 Batteries 177 12.3.1 Alkaline Dry Cell (AA Battery) 177 12.3.2 Lead-Acid Battery 178 12.3.3 Lithium-ion Battery 180 12.4 Relationship Between Cell Potential and Free Enthalpy 181 12.5 Concentration and Temperature Dependence of EMF 181 Further Reading 183 13 Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms 185 13.1 Scope of Kinetics Discussion 185 13.2 Elementary Steps and Chemical Reactions 185 13.2.1 Kinetic Model of Chemical Reactions 185 13.2.2 Basics of Chemical Kinetics: Rate Law and Rate Constant 187 13.2.3 Time Dependence of the Reaction Rate 188 13.2.4 Integrated Rate Law 189 13.3 Rates of Multistep Reactions, and Equilibria 191 13.4 Reaction Rates for Reactions That Are Nonlinear in Concentrations 194 13.5 Reaction Path and Catalysis 195 Further Reading 198 14 Nuclear Reactions 199 14.1 Nuclear Reactions and Transmutations 199 14.2 The Structure of Atomic Nuclei 199 14.3 Radioactive Decay and Decay Chains 200 14.3.1 -Decay 200 14.3.2 ß-Decay 200 14.3.3 -Emission ( -Decay) 201 14.3.4 Positron Emission 202 14.3.5 Nuclear Decay Chains 202 14.3.6 Nuclear Dating 203 14.4 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 204 14.4.1 Nuclear Binding Energy 205 14.4.2 Nuclear Fusion 205 14.4.3 Nuclear Fission 206 Further Reading 207 15 Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry, Spectroscopy, and Structural Chemistry 209 15.1 Wavefunctions and the 1D and 2D Particle in a Box 209 15.2 Spherical Harmonics, Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions, and Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals 213 15.3 Atomic Energy Levels and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 217 15.4 Molecular Energy Levels, Spectroscopy, and Structural Methods 219 15.4.1 Electronic Energy Levels and UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy 219 15.4.2 Vibrational Energy Levels and Infrared Spectroscopy 221 15.4.3 Rotational Energy Levels and Microwave Spectroscopy 225 15.4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 226 15.4.5 X-ray Diffraction 228 15.5 Mass Spectrometry 230 Further Reading 230 Epilogue 231 Appendix 233 List of Constants 233 List of Abbreviations and Symbols 234 Index 000
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