Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. A Universal indicator is a pH indicator composed of a blend of several compounds that exhibits several smooth colour changes over a pH value range from 1-14 to indicate the acidity or basicity of solutions. Although there are a number of commercially available universal pH indicators, most are a variation of a formula patented by Yamada in 1923. Details of this patent can be found in Chemical Abstracts. Experiments with Yamada''s Universal Indicator are also described in the Journal of Chemical Education.