Ureases

Functions, Classes, and Applications
Herausgeber: Braun, Rodrigo Ligabu; R Da S Carlini, Celia Regina

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Ureases: Foundations, Classes, and Applications provides a thorough, practical analysis of ureases-enzymes of growing relevance across a range of biotechnological applications and drug discovery. Unique in many aspects, ureases are one of the few enzymes to have nickel in their active sites. This book covers all aspects of this enzymatic class starting with foundational overview and then providing historical urease research and current state, from basic biochemistry to the use of ureases as hallmarks in enzymology, crystallography, and bioinorganic chemistry. The different classes of ureases, structurally diverse but chemically equivalent, are individually discussed. The multi-protein, multi-step activation of ureases (with chemical modification of residues, transport, and transfer of nickel ions) are examined in-depth, along with the catalytic mechanisms of ureolysis and its inhibitors. The final two sections of the book address multiple applications of ureases in health and biotechnology, respectively, going from gastric ulcer treatment to architectural uses in buildings and engineering. Future applications and next steps in research are also considered.

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Produktdetails

• Foundations and Frontiers in Enzymology
• Verlag: Elsevier Science & Technology
• Seitenzahl: 482
• Erscheinungstermin: 19. Februar 2024
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 235mm x 191mm
• Gewicht: 996g
• ISBN-13: 9780323918008
• ISBN-10: 032391800X
• Artikelnr.: 66230512

Inhaltsangabe

List of contributors About the editors Preface Part I Introduction 1
Ureases: an overview Conrado Pedebos and Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun 1.1
Introduction 1.2 Structure and activation 1.3 Relevance in health and
technology 1.4 Conclusions References Part II Historical aspects 2
Historical hallmarks in urease study Paula Bacaicoa Caruso and Rodrigo
Ligabue-Braun 2.1 Introduction 2.2 From urea to urease: 1700-1900 2.3
Enzymes are proteins and they can have nickel: 1900-75 2.4
Structure-function(s) of urease: 1981currently 2.5 Urease origins: notes on
urease prehistory References 3 Genetics of plant urease, the enzyme that
keeps surprising us Joe C. Polacco 3.1 An innocent young man 3.2 A quixotic
quest: biological and biographical background 3.3 The urease play, with a
cast of "firsts" 3.4 Nickel enters the fray 3.5 Soybean urease isozymes
enter the fray 3.6 Nickel insertion proteins enter the fray (in vitro
activation of soybean urease) 3.7 Does urea enter the fray? Of course, but
from which tissues? 3.8 Dueling metabolic precursors of urea enter the fray
3.9 A urease-mediated insight into plant associations with bacteria 3.10
Other nickel roles in the plant world? 3.11 Are urea and NO children of the
same parents? 3.12 Dedication References Part III Classes and special cases
4 Microbial ureases Celia Regina Carlini, Deiber Olivera-Severo and Rodrigo
Ligabue-Braun 4.1 Historical aspects and relevance of microbial ureases 4.2
Structural organization of microbial ureases and evolution 4.3 Genomic
organization and expression regulation of bacterial ureases 4.4
Urease-negative bacteria 4.5 Beneficial roles of bacterial ureases 4.6
Microbial ureases as virulence factors 4.7 Nonenzymatic properties of
three-chained ureases 4.8 Concluding remarks References 5 Plant ureases:
biochemistry, structure, physiological functions, role of urease
inhibitors, and urease applications in industry Sandeep Kumar and Arvind M.
Kayastha 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Historical milestones of urease 5.3
Biochemistry of urea catalysis 5.4 A Ubiquitous enzyme 5.5 Structure of
plant urease 5.6 Urease inhibitors of agricultural interest 5.7
Physiological role of urease in plants 5.8 Nonenzymatic properties of plant
ureases 5.9 Applications of ureases 5.10 Conclusion References 6 Jack bean
urease Anuradha Balasubramanian and Karthe Ponnuraj 6.1 Introduction 6.2
Role of plant urease 6.3 Urease architecture 6.4 Challenges in
crystallizing jack bean urease 6.5 Crystallization of JBU 6.6 X-ray
analysis of native and fluoride-inhibited JBU 6.7 Structure determination
of native and fluoride-inhibited JBU 6.8 Structure of JBU monomer 6.9
Oligomeric assembly 6.10 Active site architecture of JBU 6.11 Active site
mobile flap 6.12 Insecticidal activity Acknowledgment References 7 Fungal
ureases Alfred Botha and Barbra Toplis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Producers of
fungal ureases 7.3 Environmental role of fungal ureases 7.4 Fungal ureases
as virulence factors 7.5 The role of ureases in fungal cell metabolism 7.6
Conclusion References Part IV Activation, catalysis, inhibition 8 Urease:
structure, function, catalysis, and inhibition Luca Mazzei, Francesco
Musiani, Barbara Zambelli, Stefano Benini, Michele Cianci and Stefano
Ciurli 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The three-dimensional architecture of ureases
8.3 The active site of urease 8.4 The urease operon 8.5 The accessory
proteins of urease 8.6 The urease maturation process 8.7 The catalytic
mechanism 8.8 The inhibition of urease References 9 Inhibition of ureases:
studies and applications Robert P. Hausinger 9.1 Introduction: the
importance of urease inhibitors and inactivators 9.2 Proper design of
urease inhibitor/inactivator studies 9.3 Inhibitors that bind directly to
the urease metallocenter 9.4 Inactivators that react with the flexible
protein flap covering the urease active site 9.5 Other compounds that
reduce urease activity 9.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10
Nonenzymatic properties of ureases Matheus V.C. Grahl, Augusto F. Uberti
and Celia Regina Carlini 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Entomotoxic property of
plant ureases 10.3 Antifungal effect of ureases 10.4 Exocytosis-inducing
activity of ureases 10.5 Pro-inflammatory properties of ureases 10.6
Neurotoxicity of ureases in rodents 10.7 Structure versus nonenzymatic
activities of ureases 10.8 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References
Part V Health applications 11 Ureases as drug targets in urinary tract
infections Charles E. Deutch 11.1 Urinary tract infections 11.2 Role of
urease activity in urinary tract infections 11.3 Ureases from urinary tract
pathogens 11.4 Ureases from gram-negative bacteria 11.5 Ureases from
gram-positive bacteria 11.6 Inhibition of uropathogenic ureases by specific
chemicals 11.7 Hydroxyurea and other urea analogs 11.8 Acetohydroxamic acid
and other hydroxamates 11.9 Flurofamide and other phosphoramides 11.10
Polyphenolic compounds 11.11 Omeprazole and other imidazoles 11.12
Inhibition of uropathogenic ureases by herbal extracts 11.13 Green tea
extract 11.14 Uva ursi extract 11.15 Cranberry extract 11.16 Garlic extract
11.17 Other extracts 11.18 Further studies 11.19 New chemical inhibitors of
urease activity 11.20 Inhibition of urease formation 11.21 Inhibition of
Ni21 incorporation 11.22 Urease-specific vaccines 11.23 Conclusions
References 12 Ureases as drug targets in fungal infections Anne Helene
Souza Martinelli, Ana Paula Artusi Perin and Fernanda Cortez Lopes 12.1
Fungal infections 12.2 Fungal targets to drugs 12.3 Ureases as virulence
factors in fungi 12.4 Fungal ureases as drug targets References Part VI
Biotechnological applications 13 Reaching food security: harnessing urease
inhibitors to meet the challenges of growing global population Andre´ia
C.S. Ferreira, Rosana C. Cruz, Clara Q. Rosa, Aˆngelo de Fa´tima and Luzia
V. Modolo 13.1 Introduction 13.2 NBPT as a promoter of crop production 13.3
Use of hydroquinone 13.4 Use of Azolla to improve NBPT effectiveness 13.5
Use of Limus 13.6 Use of biochar 13.7 Use of biological preparations
Acknowledgments References 14 Ureases as pesticides Leonardo Luis Fruttero,
Natalia Rita Moyetta, Matheus V.C. Grahl, Anne Helene Souza Martinelli and
Fernanda Cortez Lopes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Synthetic pesticides versus
biological control 14.3 Ureases as pesticides 14.4 Final conclusions and
perspectives Acknowledgment References 15 Ureases in the beverage industry
Elisa Tavilli and Marcello Fidaleo 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Acid urease 15.3
Application of acid urease to beverages 15.4 Kinetics of urea removal in
wines 15.5 Use of immobilized acid urease in beverages 15.6 Concluding
remarks References 16 Versatility of ureases: many uses for
biotechnological and medical applications Kelvin Siqueira Hohl, Evelin
Furtado Meirelles and Celia Regina Carlini 16.1 Why urease? Historical
aspects of urease-based applications 16.2 Immobilization of ureases 16.3
Biocementation, bioremediation, and archeology 16.4 Dairy production 16.5
Beverage industry 16.6 Urease-assisted chemical synthesis 16.7 Biosensors
16.8 Medical applications 16.9 Concluding remarks References Index