Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Val Plumwood (11 August 1939 c. 28 February 2008), formerly Val Routley, was an Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, who was prominent in the development of radical ecosophy from the early 1970s through the remainder of the 20th century.Plumwood was active in movements to preserve biodiversity and halt deforestation from the 1960s on, and helped establish the trans-discipline known as ecological humanities. She married philosopher Richard Routley, and then separated in the early 1980s. Richard, who died in 1996, changed his name to Richard Sylvan in 1983, and Val then changed her name to Plumwood.